rom contracted or twisted limbs or spine, must be presented double;
where supernumerary limbs, head, or body must approach the passages with
the natural ones; where a head or other member has attained to an
unnatural size; where the body of one fetus has become inclosed in or
attached to another, etc.

Extraction is sometimes possible by straightening the members and
obtaining such a presentation as will reduce the presenting mass to its
smallest and most wedgelike dimensions. To effect this it may be needful
to cut the flexor tendons of bent limbs or the muscles on the side of a
twisted neck or body; one or more of the manipulations necessary to
secure and bring up a missing member may be required. In most cases of
monstrosity by excess, however, it is needful to remove the superfluous
parts, in which case the general principles employed for embryotomy must
be followed. The Caesarean section, by which the fetus is extracted
through an incision in the walls of the abdomen and womb, is
inadmissible, as it practically entails the sacrifice of the mare, which
should never be done for the sake of a monster. (See "Embryotomy," p.
202.)

ENTRANCE OF TWINS INTO THE PASSAGE AT ONCE.--Twins are rare in the mare,
and still more rare is the impaction of both at once into the pelvis.
The condition would be easily recognized by the fact that two fore limbs
and two hind would occupy the passage at once, the front of the hoofs of
the fore feet being turned upward and those of the hind feet downward.
If both belonged to one foal, they would be turned in the same
direction. Once recognized, the condition is easily remedied by passing
a rope with a running noose round each foot of the foal that is furthest
advanced or that promises to be most easily extracted, and to push the
members of the other fetus back into the depth of the womb. As soon as
the one fetus is fully engaged into the passage it will hold its place
and its delivery will proceed in the natural way.

ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS.

(Pls. XV-XVIII.)

Abnormal presentations may be tabulated as follows:

{ {Incompletely extended.
{ { Flexor tendons shortened.
{Fore limbs {Crossed over the neck.
{ {Bent back at the knee.
{ {Bent back from the shoulder.
Anterior presentations