beneath. First pass a rope around each limb at the hock, then with hand
or repeller push the buttocks backward and upward, until the feet can be
brought up into the passages. To this the great length of the shank and
pastern in the foal is a serious obstacle, and in all cases the foot
should be protected in the palm of the hand while being brought up over
the brim of the pelvis; otherwise the womb may be torn. When the pains
are too violent and constant to allow effective manipulation, some
respite may be obtained by the use of chloroform or morphin and by
turning the mare on her back, but too often the operator fails and the
foal must be sacrificed. Two courses are still open: First, to cut
through the cords behind and above the hock and extend the upper part of
the limb, leaving the hock bent, and extract in this way, and, second,
to amputate the hind limbs at the hip joint and remove them separately,
after which the body may be extracted.

HIND PRESENTATION WITH LEGS BENT FORWARD FROM HIP.--This is merely an
aggravated form of the presentation last described. (Plate XVII, fig.
1.) If the mare is roomy, a rope may be passed around each thigh and the
body pushed upward and forward, so as to bring the hocks and heels
upward. If this can be accomplished, nooses are placed on the limb
further and further down until the fetlock is reached and brought into
position. If failure is met with, then amputation at the hips is the
last resort.

HIND PRESENTATIONS WITH BACK TURNED SIDEWAYS OR DOWNWARD.--These are the
counterparts of similar anterior presentations and are to be managed in
the same way.

PRESENTATION OF THE BACK.--This is rare, yet not unknown, the foal being
bent upon itself with the back, recognizable by its sharp row of spines,
presented at the entrance of the pelvis and the head and all four feet
turned back into the womb. (Plate XVI, fig. 1.) The body of the fetus
may be extended across the opening transversely, so that the head
corresponds to one side (right or left), or it may be vertical, with the
head above or below.

In any such position the object should be to push the body of the fetus
forward and upward or to one side, as may best promise to bring up the
fore or hind extremities, and bring the latter into the passage so as to
constitute a normal anterior or posterior presentation. This turning of
the fetus may be favored by a given position of the mother, by the free
use of oil or lard on the surfa