aches the
dialects of Spain; the Valencian of Spain and the Catalonian of Spain being
Provencal rather than standard Spanish or Castilian.

The southern French is sometimes called the Langue d'Oc, and sometimes the
Limousin.

s. 68. The Norman-French, spoken from the Loire to the confines of
Flanders, and called also the Langue d'Oyl, differed from the Provencal in
(amongst others) the following circumstances.

1. It was of later origin; the southern parts of Gaul having been colonized
at an early period by the Romans.

2. It was in geographical contact, not with the allied languages of Spain,
but with the Gothic tongues of Germany and Holland.

s. 69. It is the Norman-French that most especially bears upon the history
of the English language.

_Specimen from the Anglo-Norman poem of Charlemagne._

Un jur fu Karl['e]un al Seint-Denis muster,
Reout prise sa corune, en croiz seignat sun chef;
E ad ceinte sa esp['e]e: li pons fud d'or mer.
Dux i out e dermeines e baruns e chevalers.
Li emper[`e]res reguardet la reine sa muillers.
Ele fut ben corun['e]e al plus bel e as meuz.
Il la prist par le poin desuz un oliver,
De sa pleine parole la prist [`a] reisuner:
"Dame, v['e]istes unkes hume nul de desuz ceil
Tant ben s['e]ist esp['e]e no la corone el chef!
Uncore cunquerrei-jo citez ot mun espeez."
Cele ne fud pas sage, folement respondeit:
"Emperere," dist-ele, trop vus poez preiser.
"Uncore en sa-jo un ki plus se fait l['e]ger,
Quant il porte corune entre ses chevalers;
Kaunt il met sur sa teste, plus belement lui set"

In the northern French we must recognise not only a Celtic and a Classical,
but also a Gothic element: since Clovis and Charlemagne were no Frenchmen,
but Germans. The Germanic element in French has still to be determined.

In the northern French of _Normandy_ there is a second Gothic element,
viz., a Scandinavian element. See s. 76.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS.

1. What are the _present_ languages of Wales, the Isle of Man, the Scotch
Highlands, and Ireland?

2. What are the _present_ languages of Germany and Holland? How are they
related to the _present_ language of England? How to the original language
of England?

3. Enumerate the chief _supposed_ migrations from Germany to England,
giving (when possible) the _date_ of each, the particular German tribe by
which each was undertaken, and the parts of Great Britain where the
diffe