ons that will be drawn from it.

The account, however, being recognized, we have in the sound of p, two
elements:--

1. That formed by the current of air and the closure of the lips, as in ap.
This may be called the sound of breath _arrested_.

2. That formed by the current of air, and the opening of the lips, as in
pa. This may be called the sound of breath _escaping_.

Now what may be said of p may be said of all the other consonants, the
words _tongue_, _teeth_, &c., being used instead of _lips_, according to
the case.

Let the sound of breath _arrested_ be expressed by [pi], and that of breath
_escaping_ be expressed by [varpi], the two together form p ([pi] + [varpi]
= p).

Thus ap (as quoted above) is p - [varpi], or [pi]; whilst pa (sounded
similarly) is p - [pi], or [varpi].

In the formation of syllables, I consider that the sound of breath arrested
belongs to the first, and the sound of breath escaping to the second
syllable; that if each sound were expressed by a separate sign, the word
_happy_ would be divided thus, _ha[pi]-[varpi]y_; and that such would be
the case with all consonants between two syllables. The _whole_ consonant
belongs neither to one syllable nor the other. Half of it belongs to each.
The reduplication of the p in _happy_, the t in _pitted_, &c., is a mere
point of spelling.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VI.

ON QUANTITY.

s. 136. The dependent vowels, as the a in _fat_, i in _fit_, u in _but_, o
in _not_, have the character of being uttered with rapidity, and they pass
quickly in the enunciation, the voice not resting on them. This rapidity of
utterance becomes more evident when we contrast with them the prolonged
sounds of the a in _fate_, ee in _feet_, oo in _book_, or o in _note_;
wherein the utterance is retarded, and wherein the voice rests, delays, or
is prolonged. The f and t of _fate_ are separated by a longer interval than
the f and t of _fat_; and the same is the case with _fit_, _feet_, &c.

Let the n and the t of _not_ be each as 1, the o also being as 1; then each
letter, consonant or vowel, shall constitute 1/3 of the whole word.

Let, however, the n and the t of _note_ be each as 1, the o being as 2.
Then, instead of each consonant constituting 1/3 of the whole word, it
shall constitute but 1/4.

Upon the comparative extent to which the voice is prolonged, the division
of vowels and syllables into _long_ and _short_ has been establish