and tried the hand of an apprentice at journalism and
at pieces for the theatre, none of which, happily, as he has since said,
was represented. In 1867, his mind being engaged at once by the
revolutionary agitation of his own time, and by the similar interest of
the still more violent upheaval in Spain in the first years of the
century, he began a kind of historical novel, _La Fontana de Oro_, in
which he undertook to study the inner motives and history of that
period, so all-important for modern Spanish history, and to illustrate
the detestable character of Ferdinand VII as it appeared in one of his
most disgraceful moments. It was four years, however, before the book
was completed and published. During this time Galdos had visited France
and had returned to Madrid by way of Barcelona, where he was when the
Revolution of 1868, which deprived Queen Isabel of her throne, broke
out. This he greeted with delight, believing the realization of his
conservatively radical political views to be at hand; but he speedily
found himself sadly disillusioned. In 1871 his novel appeared, making no
sensation, but attracting the favorable attention of a few competent
judges. The road was at last opened before him, and he pressed steadily
on in it.

His imagination had now become deeply stirred by both the political and
the social aspects of the great period of the awakening of Spain, when,
to begin with, she freed herself by heroic efforts from the Napoleonic
tyranny, and then made her incipient advances towards modernity in the
face of the opposition of the representatives of her traditional
religion and of her outworn social order. In 1872 he had completed a
second novel, _El Audaz_, in which a phase of the struggle earlier than
that studied in _La Fontana de Oro_, was his theme. Then, taking a
suggestion perhaps from the success of the historical novels of
Erckmann-Chatrian, he began a succession of consecutive tales,
_Episodios Nacionales_, as he called them, which, in two series, cover
the whole agitated time from the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 down to the
death of Ferdinand VII in 1833. Each series has its hero, whose fortunes
afford a slender thread binding the tales together, and whose
participation in the successive events or crises of the War of
Independence and of the reign of Ferdinand VII enables the author to
give these events their proper setting in the political and social
movements of the period. Naturally, there is g