refused, early in 1913, to recognize
Provisional President Huerta as the _de facto_ government of Mexico,
thereby contributing materially to Huerta's downfall the year following.
At the same time Wilson announced a general policy of nonrecognition in
the case of any government founded on acts of violence; and while he
observed this rule with considerable discretion, he consistently refused
to recognize the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and his successors
prior to President Franklin D. Roosevelt did the same. The refusal of
the Hoover Administration to recognize the independence of the Japanese
puppet state of Manchukuo early in 1932 was based on kindred grounds.
Nonrecognition of the Chinese Communist government by the Truman
administration has proved to be a decisive element of the current (1952)
foreign policy of the United States.

PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS

The relations of President and Congress in the diplomatic field have,
first and, last, presented a varied picture of alternate cooperation and
tension,[350] from which emerge two outstanding facts: first, the
overwhelming importance of Presidential initiative in this area of
power; secondly, the ever increasing dependence of foreign policy on
Congressional cooperation and support. First one and then the other
aspect of the relationship is uppermost. Thus the United Nations
Participation Act of December 20, 1945 appeared to contemplate
cooperation between the President and Congress in the carrying out of
the duties of the United States to back up decisions of the Security
Council involving the use of armed force.[351] When, nevertheless, the
first occasion arose such action, namely, to repel the invasion in June,
1950 of South Korea by North Korean forces, no such agreement had been
negotiated, and the intervention of the United States was authorized by
the President without referring the question to Congress.[352]

CONGRESSIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF PRESIDENTIAL POLICIES

No President was ever more jealous of his prerogative in the realm of
foreign relations than President Woodrow Wilson. When, however, strong
pressure was brought to bear upon him by Great Britain respecting his
Mexican Policy he was constrained to go before Congress and ask for a
modification of the Panama Tolls Act of 1911, which had also aroused
British ire. Addressing Congress, he said "I ask this of you in support
of the foreign policy of the Administration. I shall not know how to