y exudation around the neck of the womb,
which hinders untwisting. The first of these conditions occurs early in
the horse from the detachment of the fetal membranes from the wall of
the womb; and as the mare is more subject to fatal peritonitis than the
cow, it may be concluded that both these sources of failure are more
probable in the former subject.

When the case is intractable, though the hand may be easily introduced,
the instrument shown in Plate XIV, figure 7, may be used. Each hole at
the small end of the instrument has passed through it a stout cord with
a running noose, to be passed around two feet or other portion of the
fetus which it may be possible to reach. The cords are then drawn tight
and fixed around the handle of the instrument; then, by using the cross
handle as a lever, the fetus and womb may be rotated in a direction
opposite to that causing the obstruction. During this process the hand
must be introduced to feel when the twist has been undone. This method
may be supplemented, if necessary, by rolling the mare as described
above.

EFFUSION OF BLOOD IN THE VAGINAL WALLS.--This is common as a result of
difficult parturition, but it may occur from local injury before that
act, and may seriously interfere with it. This condition is easily
recognized by the soft, doughy swelling so characteristic of blood
clots, and by the dark-red color of the mucous membrane. I have laid
open such swellings with the knife as late as 10 days before
parturition, evacuated the clots, and dressed the wound daily with an
astringent lotion (sulphate of zinc 1 dram, carbolic acid 1 dram, water
1 quart). A similar resort might be had, if necessary, during
parturition.

CALCULUS (STONE) AND TUMOR IN THE BLADDER.--The pressure upon the
bladder containing a stone or a tumor may prove so painful that the mare
will voluntarily suppress the labor pains. Examination of the bladder
with the finger introduced through the urethra will detect the offending
agent. A stone should be extracted with forceps. (See "Lithotomy.") The
large papillary tumors which I have met with in the mare's bladder have
been invariably delicate in texture and could be removed piecemeal by
forceps. Fortunately, mares affected in this way rarely breed.

FECAL IMPACTION OF THE RECTUM.--In some animals, with more or less
paralysis or weakness of the tail and rectum, the rectum may become so
impacted with solid feces that the mare is unable to discharge the