ther like a cone. Whether standing or lying, the mare should be
turned with head downhill and hind parts raised as much as possible. The
contents of the abdomen gravitating forward leave much more room for
manipulation. Whatever part of the foal is presented (head, foot) should
be secured with a cord and running noose before it is pushed back to
search for the other missing parts. Even if a missing part is reached,
no attempt should be made to bring it up during a labor pain. Pinching
the back will sometimes check the pains and allow the operator to secure
and bring up the missing member. In intractable cases a large dose of
chloral hydrate (1 ounce in a quart of water) or the inhalation of
chloroform and air (equal proportions) to insensibility may secure a
respite, during which the missing members may be replaced. If the waters
have been discharged and the mucus dried up, the genital passages and
body of the fetus should be lubricated with lard or oil before any
attempt at extraction is made. When the missing member has been brought
up into position and presentation has been rendered natural, traction
on the fetus must be made only during a labor pain. If a mare is
inclined to kick, it may be necessary to apply hobbles to protect the
operator.

DIFFICULT PARTURITION FROM NARROW PELVIS.--A disproportion between the
fetus got by a large stallion and the pelvis of a small dam is a serious
obstacle to parturition, sometimes seen in the mare. This is not the
rule, however, as the foal up to birth usually accommodates itself to
the size of the dam, as illustrated in the successful crossing of
Percheron stallions on mustang mares. If the disproportion is too great
the only resort is embryotomy.

FRACTURED HIP BONES.--More commonly the obstruction comes from
distortion and narrowing of the pelvis as the result of fractures.
(Plate XIII, fig. 2.) Fractures at any point of the lateral wall or
floor of the pelvis are repaired with the formation of an extensive bony
deposit bulging into the passage of the pelvis. The displacement of the
ends of the broken bone is another cause of constriction, and between
the two conditions the passage of the fetus may be rendered impossible
without embryotomy. Fracture of the sacrum (the continuation of the
backbone forming the croup) leads to the depression of the posterior
part of that bone in the roof of the pelvis and the narrowing of the
passage from above downward by a bony ridge presenti