the National Council.

Art. 47. Upon members of the Cabinet having been impeached by the
National Council, the Provisional President may remove them from office,
but such removal shall be subject to the reconsideration of the National
Council.

CHAPTER VI.--THE JUDICIARY

Art. 48. The Judiciary shall be composed of those judges appointed by
the Provisional President and the Minister of Justice.

The organization of the Courts and the qualifications of judges shall be
determined by law.

Art. 49. The Judiciary shall try civil and criminal cases, but cases
involving administrative affairs or arising from other particular causes
shall be dealt with according to special laws.

Art. 50. The trial of cases in the law Courts shall be conducted
publicly, but those affecting public safety and order may be _in
camera_.

Art. 51. Judges shall be independent, and shall not be subject to the
interference of higher officials.

Art. 52. Judges during their continuance in office shall not have their
emoluments decreased and shall not be transferred to other offices, nor
shall they be removed from office except when they are convicted of
crimes, or of offences punishable according to law by removal from
office.

Regulations for the punishment of judges shall be determined by law.

CHAPTER VII.--SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLES

Art. 53. Within ten months after the promulgation of this Provisional
Constitution the Provisional President shall convene a National
Assembly, the organization of which and the laws for the election of
whose members shall be decided by the National Council.

Art. 54. The Constitution of the Republic of China shall be adopted by
the National Assembly, but before the promulgation of the Constitution,
the Provisional Constitution shall be as effective as the Constitution
itself.

Art. 55. The Provisional Constitution may be amended by the assent of
two-thirds of the members of the National Council or upon the
application of the Provisional President and being passed by over
three-fourths of the quorum of the Council consisting of over
four-fifths of the total number of its members.

Art. 56. The present Provisional Constitution shall take effect on the
date of its promulgation, and the fundamental articles for the
organization of the Provisional Government shall cease to be effective
on the same date.

Sealed by

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL.

THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION LAW

_Passed October 4 1913, by the