nd adjudicated by the Chinese Dignitary at Urga and his
assistants in the other localities of autonomous Outer Mongolia, or
their delegates, and the Mongolian authorities. If the defendant or
accused is of autonomous Outer Mongolia, the joint examination and
decision of the case are to be held at the Chinese Dignitary's place at
Niga and that of his assistants in the other localities of autonomous
Outer Mongolia; if the defendant or the accused is a Mongol of
autonomous Outer Mongolia and the claimant or the complainant is a
Chinese subject, the case is to be examined and decided in the same
manner in the Mongolian yamen. The guilty are to be punished according
to their own laws. The interested parties are free to arrange their
disputes amicably by means of arbitrators chosen by themselves.

Art. 15. Civil and criminal actions arising between Mongols of
autonomous Outer Mongolia and Russian subjects residing therein are to
be examined and decided conformably to the stipulations of Article XVI
of the Russo-Mongolian Commercial protocol of 21st October, 1912.

Art. 16. All civil and criminal actions arising between Chinese and
Russian subjects in autonomous Outer Mongolia are to be examined and
decided in the following manner: in an action wherein the claimant or
the complainant is a Russian subject and the defendant or accused is a
Chinese subject, the Russian Consul personally or through his delegate
participates in the judicial trial, enjoying the same right as the
Chinese Dignitary at Urga or his delegate or his assistants in the other
localities of autonomous Outer Mongolia. The Russian Consul or his
delegate proceeds to the hearing of the claimant and the Russian
witnesses in the court in session, and interrogates the defendant and
the Chinese witnesses through the medium of the Chinese Dignitary at
Urga or his delegates or of his assistants in the other localities of
autonomous Outer Mongolia; the Russian Consul or his delegate examines
the evidence presented, demands security for "revindication" and has
recourse to the opinion of experts, if he considers such expert opinion
necessary for the elucidation of the rights of the parties, etc.; he
takes part in deciding and in the drafting of the judgment, which he
signs with the Chinese Dignitary at Urga or his delegates or his
assistants in the other localities of Autonomous Outer Mongolia. The
execution of the judgment constitutes a duty of the Chinese authorities.