ommunal worship, and the deity had no
definite role in securing the salvation of men.

+1105+. Thus, in the period beginning about the sixth century B.C. and
extending into the Christian era, all over the civilized world attempts
were being made to reconstruct life by ethical and philosophical
systems, by ascetic observances, and by mysteries. These attempts bear
witness to the prevailing sense of the insufficiency of current schemes
of life. They differ according to differences of place and time, but
agree in the search after something better; this better thing was always
ethical and in most cases religious. Their failure to construct
effective organizations was due to the deficiencies pointed out above.

+1106+. _Buddhism and Jainism._ The first churches produced by civilized
men arose in India in the sixth century B.C. out of the bosom of
Brahmanism, whose failure to establish a church was due in part to its
dependence on philosophical speculation. Of the protests against the
Brahmanic orthodoxy the most important were Buddhism and Jainism.[2033]
Buddhism discarded philosophy and asceticism, and came forward with a
plan of salvation that was intelligible to all.[2034] Disciples gathered
about the Master and he became the object of enthusiastic devotion. All
complete churches have owed their origin each to a single founder; this
is due to the fact that the insight and constructive genius of the
founder have chosen out of the mass of the existing thought those broad
principles that the times demanded and have presented them in incisive
form and with freshness and enthusiasm.[2035] Buddha's followers quickly
formed themselves into associations, the entrance into which was by free
choice. As his doctrine of salvation was nontheistic, so his church was
nontheistic, but not therefore nonreligious. The ecclesiastical
organization was simple, but effective. The original Buddhism has been
degraded, especially in Tibet, China, and Korea, but the church form
remains everywhere more or less recognizable.[2036]

+1107+. Jainism, while differing from its contemporary, Buddhism, in
its metaphysical dualism and its asceticism, agreed with it practically
in its method of salvation from the ills of life. It established a
nontheistic church which has had experiences (polytheistic and other)
like those of Buddhism. Historically it is less important than the
latter; it still has a considerable following, but it has never passed
out of