ly compares the
Gaelic Maol a Chliobain, who got the Giant's mother to take her place in
the Giant's game-bag,--with consequences (Campbell, i. 255). In Grimm's
_Haensel and Grethel_ Peggy bakes the ogress. The trick recurs in the
Kaffir _Hlakanyana_[98]. There are two ways of doing this trick in
popular tales: either the prisoner is in a sack, and induces another
person to take his place (as in the Aberdonian _Mally Whuppy_, and among
the Kaffirs); or they play at cooking each other; or, in some other way,
the captive induces the captor to enter the pot or oven, and, naturally,
keeps him there. This is the device of the German Grethel and the Zulu
Uhlakanyana. The former plan, of the game-bag, prevails among the South
Siberian peoples of the Turkish race. Tardanak was caught by a
seven-headed monster and put in a bag. He made his way out, and induced
the monster's children to take his place. The monster, Jalbagan, then
cooked his own children. Perrault wisely makes his ogre a little
intoxicated, but he did not carry his mistake so far as to _eat_ his
children.

The expedient by which Hop o' my Thumb saves his company, and makes the
ogre's children perish, differs from the usual devices of the game-bag
and the oven. Hop o' my Thumb exchanges the nightcaps of himself and his
brothers for the golden crowns of the ogre's daughters. But even this is
not original. In the many _Maerchen_ which are melted together into the
legend of the Minyan House of Athamas, this idea occurs. According to
Hyginus, Themisto, wife of Athamas, wished to destroy the children of
her rival Ino. She, therefore, to distinguish the children, bade the
nurse dress her children in white night-gowns, and Ino's children in
black. But this nurse (so ancient is the central idea of _East Lynne_)
was Ino herself in disguise, and she reversed the directions she had
received. Themisto, therefore, murdered her own children in the dusk, as
the ogre slew his own daughters. M. Deulin quotes a Catalan tale, in
which the boys escape from a cupboard, where they place the daughters of
the ogress, and they then sleep in the daughters' bed.

(6) The flight of Hop o' my Thumb and his brethren is usually aided, in
Zulu, Kaffir, Iroquois, Samoan, Japanese, Scotch, German, and other
tales, by magical objects, which, when thrown behind the fugitives,
become lakes, forests, and the like, thus detaining the pursuer.
Perrault knows nothing of this. His seven-leagued boots, use