n);
and "Moonlight on the Zuyder Zee" (New Pinakothek, Munich).

BARTENSTEIN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Prussia, on the Alle, 34
m. S. of Koenigsberg by rail. Pop. (1900) 6805. It has a considerable trade
in corn and live stock, and its industries comprise founding and
carriage-building, tanneries, breweries and potteries. Bartenstein is
celebrated for the treaty concluded here on the 26th of April 1807, between
Prussia and Russia.

BARTER (from Fr. _barater_, to truck, to exchange), the exchange of
commodities for commodities, in contra-distinction to the exchange of
commodities for money. Barter was the simplest form of trading among
primitive communities, but its inconveniences led, at an early stage of
civilization, to the adoption of metals as mediums of exchange. Barter,
however, is still very common in dealings with uncivilized peoples, and
traders in many countries find that the most satisfactory method of
effecting exchange is to furnish themselves with such commodities as
weapons, tools and ornaments, which are more readily taken than money.

For the history of barter and the steps by which a system of currency was
gradually evolved, see MONEY. Consult also W. S. Jevons, _Money and the
Mechanism of Exchange_; A. Marshall, _Economics_; W. Ridgeway, _Origin of
Currency and Weight Standards._

BARTET (REGNAULT), JEANNE JULIA (1854- ), French actress, was born in Paris
and trained at the Conservatoire. In 1872 she began a successful career at
the Vaudeville, and in 1879 was engaged at the Comedie Francaise, of which
she became a _societaire_ in 1880. For many years she played the chief
parts both in tragedy and comedy, her grand style and exquisite finesse
making her supreme among the younger actresses on the French stage. She had
a season in London in 1908, when her consummate art was displayed in a
number of parts.

BARTH, HEINRICH (1821-1865), German explorer, was born at Hamburg on the
16th of February 1821, and educated at Berlin University, where he
graduated in 1844. He had already visited Italy and Sicily and had formed a
plan to journey through the Mediterranean countries. After studying Arabic
in London he set out on his travels in 1845. From Tangier he made his way
overland throughout the length of North Africa, visiting the sites of the
ancient cities of Barbary and Cyrenaica. He also travelled through Egypt,
ascending the Nile to Wadi Halfa and crossing the desert to Berenice. While
in