t the College de France (1838) and
a seat at the Academy of Moral and Political Science (1839). After the
revolution of 1848 he was elected as a republican deputy; but was obliged
to withdraw after the _coup d'etat_ of Louis Napoleon. In 1855 he went as
member of the international commission to Egypt to report on the
possibility of the proposed Suez canal, and by the articles which he wrote
he contributed largely to making the project popular in France. Elected
deputy again in 1869, he joined the opposition to the Empire, and in 1871
bent all his efforts to the election of Thiers as president of the
republic, acting afterwards as his secretary. Appointed senator for life in
1875, he took his place among the moderate republicans, and from September
1880 to November 1881 was minister of foreign affairs in the cabinet of
Jules Ferry. The most important event of his administration was the
annexation of Tunis under the form of a French protectorate, which he
actively promoted. He died on the 24th of November 1895. His principal
works, besides the translation of Aristotle and a number of studies
connected with the same subject, are _Des Vedas_ (1854), _Du Bouddhisme_
(1856) and _Mahomet et le Coran_ (1865).

BARTHEZ, or BARTHES, PAUL JOSEPH (1734-1806), French physician, was born on
the 11th of December 1734 at Montpellier. He was educated at Narbonne and
Toulouse, and began the study of medicine at Montpellier in 1750, taking
his doctor's degree in 1753. In 1756 he obtained the appointment of
physician to the military hospital in Normandy attached to the army of
observation commanded by Marshal d'Estrees, but a severe attack of hospital
fever compelled him to leave this post. In 1757 his services were required
in the medical staff of the army of Westphalia, where he had the rank of
consulting physician, and on his return to Paris he acted as joint editor
of the _Journal des savants_ and the _Encyclopedie methodique_. In 1759 he
obtained a medical professorship at Montpellier, and in 1774 he was created
joint chancellor of the university. In 1778 he published his most famous
work, _Nouveaux elemens de la science de l'homme_, in which he employs the
expression "vital principle" as a convenient term for the cause of the
phenomena of life, without committing himself to either a spiritualistic or
a materialistic view of its nature. Taking the degree of doctor of civil
law in 1780, he secured the appointment of counsellor to the Sup