et d'une maniere moins dure qu'ils ne l'eussent ete
dans la societe civile.

[693] Thus, in Marca Hispanica, Appendix, p. 770, we have a grant from
Lothaire I. in 834, to a person and his brother, of lands which their
father, ab eremo in Septimania trahens, had possessed by a charter of
Charlemagne. See too p. 773, and other places. Du Cange, v. Eremus,
gives also a few instances.

[694] Du Cange, v. Aprisio. Baluze, Capitularia, t. i. p. 549. They were
permitted to decide petty suits among themselves, but for more important
matters were to repair to the county-court. A liberal policy runs
through the whole charter. See more on the same subject, id. p. 569.

[695] I owe this fact to M. Heeren, Essai sur l'Influence des Croisades,
p. 226. An inundation in their own country is supposed to have
immediately produced this emigration; but it was probably successive,
and connected with political as well as physical causes of greater
permanence. The first instrument in which they are mentioned is a grant
from the bishop of Hamburgh in 1106. This colony has affected the local
usages, as well as the denominations of things and places along the
northern coast of Germany. It must be presumed that a large proportion
of the emigrants were diverted from agriculture to people the commercial
cities which grew up in the twelfth century upon that coast.

[696] Ingulfus tells us that the commissioners were pious enough to
favour Croyland, returning its possessions inaccurately, both as to
measurement and value; non ad verum pretium, nec ad verum spatium
nostrum monasterium librabant misericorditer, praecaventes in futurum
regis exactionibus. p. 79. I may just observe by the way, that Ingulfus
gives the plain meaning of the word Domesday, which has been disputed.
The book was so called, he says, pro sua generalitate omnia tenementa
totius terrae integre continente; that is, it was as general and
conclusive as the last judgment will be.

[697] This of course is subject to the doubt as to the authenticity of
Ingulfus.

[698] 1 Gale, XV Script. p. 77.

[699] Communi plebiscito viritim inter se diviserunt, et quidam suas
portiones agricolantes, quidam ad foenum conservantes, quidam ut prius
ad pasturam suorum animalium, separaliter jacere permittentes, terram
pinguem et uberem repererunt. p. 94.

[700] 1 Gale, XV Script. p. 201.

[701] A good deal of information upon the former state of agriculture
will be found in Cullum's History