STER]

[Illustration: LOADING COFFEE ON ZAMBOEKS AT HODEIDA

These boats then transfer their cargoes to steamships lying in the
roads]

[Illustration: PICTURESQUE CAMEL AND BULLOCK CARTS

Used for local coffee transport in Aden and Hodeida]

[Illustration: PRIMITIVE TRANSPORTATION METHODS IN ARABIA]

The subject of quick roasting has greatly agitated German and French
coffee men. Otto found that coffee roasted in small quantities (say
fifty grams) on a sample-roaster produced a finer flavor and aroma than
that roasted in the big machines. He set out to produce a machine that
would roast continuous small quantities in the shortest time. He built
the first commercial machine under his patent in 1893. It was shown at
the International Food Exhibition in Dresden in 1894. The latest type
manufactured by Max Thurmer, Dresden, in which firm Otto is a partner,
has a spiral five meters long and an hourly production of about 450
pounds. The Thurmer machine, as it is called, has been sold to the trade
since 1914.

Quick roasting is gone in for quite extensively in Germany, even in the
big trade-roasting plants, where machines to roast in ten to seventeen
minutes are common. Natural, slow cooling is most necessary with quick
roasting, according to Thurmer. On the other hand, A. Mottant, of Paris,
who also manufactures a line of quick gas-roasting machines, called
Magic, argues that quick cooling is essential after quick roasting.
Three of the Mottant machines are illustrated on pages 642 and 644.

Other quick-roasting machines of German make are the Combinator,
Tornado, and Rekord.

In a lecture before the Society of Medical Officers of Health, London,
October 24, 1912, William Lawton demonstrated to the satisfaction of his
audience that coffee could be roasted in 3 minutes, using a perforated
gas-roaster of his own invention.[365]

The first direct-flame gas coffee roaster in America was installed in
the plant of the Potter-Parlin Co., New York, by F.T. Holmes, in 1893.
This was Tupholme's machine, patented in England in 1887, and in the
United States in 1896-97. The Potter-Parlin Co. subsequently placed the
Tupholme machines throughout the United States on a daily rental basis,
limiting its leases to one firm in a city, having obtained the exclusive
American rights from the Waygood, Tupholme Co., now the Grocers
Engineering and Whitmee, Ltd.

[Illustration: AN ENGLISH GAS COFFEE-ROASTING PLANT

The machines are t