the gas flame to go first to the bottom and then up to the stack
on top. This improvement was never patented.

[Illustration: SIROCCO MACHINE (FRENCH)]

The Henneman direct-flame gas roaster was introduced to the United
States trade in 1905, by C.A. Cross & Co., wholesale grocers, of
Fitchburg, Mass. It was marketed here seven years, but was never a
great success.

[Illustration: ENGLISH ROASTING AND GRINDING EQUIPMENT

Showing one 168-pound Simplex gas roaster, with a Rapid disk grinding
machine having a capacity of 300 to 400 pounds per hour]

In 1906, F.T. Holmes was granted a United States patent on a coffee
roaster which he assigned to the Huntley Manufacturing Co.

J.C. Prims, of Battle Creek, Mich., was granted a United States patent
in 1908, on a corrugated cylinder improvement for a gas and coal roaster
designed for retail stores. The A.J. Deer Co., Hornell, N.Y., acquired
this machine in 1909, and began to market it as the Royal coffee
roaster. An improvement patented in 1915 by J.C. Prims was assigned to
the A.J. Deer Co.

In 1915, and again in 1919, Jabez Burns & Sons, New York, patented their
Jubilee roaster, an inner-heated machine in which the gas is burned
inside a revolving cylinder in a combustion chamber protected from
direct coffee contact. The heat is deflected downward and then passes
upward through the coffee.

In 1919, William Fullard (_d._ 1921), of Philadelphia, was granted a
United States patent on a "heated fresh air system" roaster, in which
the fresh air is forced by an electric fan through a pipe to a set of
coils over gas, coal, or oil flame. At the top of the coils is a
manifold, the hot air being forced through small holes to circulate in
and around a regulation perforated roasting cylinder; the vapors and
spent air are then drawn into an overhead exhaust pipe that connects
with a pipe provided with a fresh-air intake, the idea being to return
them to the roasting cylinder after being mixed with fresh air and
heated in the coils as before. This patent has not been successfully
marketed at the time of writing. The purpose is to roast by heated air
not mixed with any furnace gases. Whether this can be done with
sufficient fuel economy, and whether coffee thus roasted would have any
greater value, are questions that are raised by the coffee experts.

_Coffee-Grinding and Coffee-Making Chronology_

To return to our coffee-grinding and coffee-making chronology, it is to
be not