____________________________________________________________

[Footnote 1: _Abhava_ (negation) as dependent on bhava (position) is
mentioned in the _Vais'e@sika sutras_. Later Nyaya writers such as
Udayana include _abhava_ as a separate category, but S'ridhara a
contemporary of Udayana rightly remarks that abhava was not
counted by Pras'astapada as it was dependent on bhava--"_abhavasya
prthaganupades'a@h bhavaparatantryat na tvabhavat_." _Nyayakandali_,
p. 6, and _Lak@sa@navali_, p. 2.]

[Footnote 2: "_Tattvato jnate@su bahyadhyatmike@su vi@saye@su
do@sadars'anat viraktasya samihaniv@rttau atmajnasya tadarthani
karmanyakurvatah tatparityagasadhanani s'rutism@rtyuditani
asa@nkalpitaphalani upadadanasya atmajnanamabhyasyata@h
prak@r@s@tanivarttakadharmopacaye sati
paripakvatmajnanasyatyantikas'ariraviyogasya bhavat._" _Ibid._ p. 7.]

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whiteness) the latter would admit a corresponding real, but
Nyaya-Vais'e@sika would collect "all whiteness" under the name
of "the quality of white colour" which the atom possessed [Footnote ref l].
They only regarded as a separate entity what represented an ultimate
mode of thought. They did not enquire whether such notions
could be regarded as the modification of some other notion or
not; but whenever they found that there were some experiences
which were similar and universal, they classed them as separate
entities or categories.

The six Padarthas: Dravya, Gu@na, Karma, Samanya,
Vis'e@sa, Samavaya.

Of the six classes of entities or categories (_padartha_) we have
already given some account of dravya [Footnote ref 2]. Let us now turn to
the others. Of the qualities (_gu@na_) the first one called _rupa_
(colour) is that which can be apprehended by the eye alone
and not by any other sense. The colours are white, blue,
yellow, red, green, brown and variegated (_citra_). Colours are
found only in k@siti, ap and tejas. The colours of ap and tejas are
permanent (_nitya_}, but the colour of k@siti changes when heat
is applied, and this, S'ridhara holds, is due to the fact that
heat changes the atomic structure of k@siti (earth) and thus the
old constitution of the substance being destroyed, its old colour
is also destroyed, and a new one is generated. Rupa is the general
name for the specific individual colours. There is the genus _rupatva_
(colourness), and the rupa gu@na (quality) is that on which
rests this genus; rupa is not itself a genus and can be apprehended
by the eye.