dyotakara have come to be treated as almost
the same system with slight variations only. I have therefore
preferred to treat them together. The main presentation of the
Nyaya-Vais'e@sika philosophy in this chapter is that which is found
from the sixth century onwards.

The Vais'e@sika and Nyaya Literature.

It is difficult to ascertain definitely the date of the _Vais'e@sika
sutras_ by Ka@nada, also called Aulukya the son of Uluka, though
there is every reason to suppose it to be pre-Buddhistic. It

____________________________________________________________________

[Footnote 1: Professor Vanamali Vedantatirtha quotes a passage from
_Sa@mk@sepas'a@nkarajaya_, XVI. 68-69 in _J.A.S.B._, 1905, and another
passage from a Nyaya writer Bhasarvajna, pp. 39-41, in _J.A.S.B._, 1914,
to show that the old Naiyayikas considered that there was an element
of happiness (_sukha_) in the state of mukti (salvation) which the
Vais'e@sikas denied. No evidence in support of this opinion is found
in the Nyaya or the _Vais'e@sika sutras_, unless the cessation of pain
with Nyaya is interpreted as meaning the resence of some sort of bliss
or happiness.]

[Footnote 2: See Madhava's _Sarvadars'anasa@mgraha-Aulukyadars'ana_.]

306

appears from the _Vayu purana_ that he was born in Prabhasa near
Dvaraka, and was the disciple of Somas'arma. The time of
Pras'astapada who wrote a bha@sya (commentary) of the _Vais'e@sika
sutras_ cannot also unfortunately be ascertained. The peculiarity
of Pras'astapada's bha@sya is this that unlike other bha@syas
(which first give brief explanations of the text of the sutras and
then continue to elaborate independent explanations by explaining
the first brief comments), it does not follow the sutras but
is an independent dissertation based on their main contents [Footnote
ref 1]. There were two other bha@syas on the _Vais'e@sika sutras_,
namely _Rava@na-bha@sya_ and _Bharadvaja-v@rtti_, but these are now
probably lost. References to the former are found in
_Kira@navalibhaskara_ of Padmanabha Mis'ra and also in _Ratnaprabha_
2. 2. II. Four commentaries were written on this bha@sya, namely
_Vyomavati_ by Vyomas'ekharacarya, _Nyayakandali_ by S'ridhara,
_Kira@navali_ by Udayana (984 A.D.) and _Lilavati_ S'rivatsacarya.
In addition to these Jagadis'a Bha@t@tacarya of Navadvipa and S'a@nkara
Mis'ra wrote two other commentaries on the _Pras'astapada-bhasya_,
namely _Bhasyasukti_ and _Ka@nada-rahasya_. S'a@nkara