wrote
a sub-commentary on the _Tatparya@tika_ called
_Tatparya@tikaparis'uddhi_. Varddhamana (1225 A.D.) wrote a
sub-commentary on that called the _Nyayanibandhaprakas'a_. Padmanabha
wrote a sub-commentary on that called _Varddhamanendu_ and S'a@nkara
Mis'ra (1425 A.D.) wrote a sub-commentary on that called the
_Nyayatatparyama@n@dana_. In the seventeenth century Vis'vanatha
wrote an independent short commentary known as _Vis'vanathav@rtti_,
on the _Nyaya sutra_, and Radhamohana wrote a separate
commentary on the _Nyaya sutras_ known as _Nyayasutravivara@na_.
In addition to these works on the _Nyaya sutras_ many other
independent works of great philosophical value have been written
on the Nyaya system. The most important of these in medieval
times is the _Nyayamanjari_ of Jayanta (880 A.D.), who flourished
shortly after Vacaspatimis'ra. Jayanta chooses some of the _Nyaya
sutras_ for interpretation, but he discusses the Nyaya views quite
independently, and criticizes the views of other systems of Indian
thought of his time. It is far more comprehensive than Vacaspati's
_Tatparya@tika_, and its style is most delightfully lucid. Another
important work is Udayana's _Kusumanjali_ in which he tries to
prove the existence of Is'vara (God). This work ought to be read
with its commentary _Prakas'a_ by Varddhamana (1225 A.D.) and its
sub-commentary _Makaranda_ by Rucidatta (1275 A.D.). Udayana's
_Atmatattvaviveka_ is a polemical work against the Buddhists, in
which he tries to establish the Nyaya doctrine of soul. In addition
to these we have a number of useful works on Nyaya in later
times. Of these the following deserve special mention in connection
with the present work. _Bha@sapariccheda_ by Vis'vanatha with
its commentaries _Muktavali, Dinakari_ and _Ramarudri, Tarkasamgraha_
with _Nyayanir@naya, Tarkabka@sa_ of Kes'ava Mis'ra with

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the commentary _Nyayapradipa, Saptapadarthi_ of S'ivaditya,
_Tarkikarak@sa_ of Varadaraja with the commentary _Ni@ska@n@taka_
of Mallinatha, _Nyayasara_ of Madhava Deva of the city of Dhara and
_Nyayasiddhantamanjari_ of Janakinatha Bha@t@tacarya with the
_Nyayamanjarisara_ by Yadavacarya, and _Nyayasiddhantadipa_ of
S'a@sadhara with _Prabha_ by S'e@sanantacarya.

The new school of Nyaya philosophy known as Navya-Nyaya
began with Ga@nges'a Upadhyaya of Mithila, about
1200 A.D. Ga@nges'a wrote only on the four prama@nas admitted by the
Nyaya, viz. pratyak@sa, anumana, upamana, and s'abd