d yet we hear the same arguments used over and over again, not only with
regard to the Greeks, but with regard to many other modern nations; and
even men whose minds have been trained in the school of exact science, use
the term "bloods," in this vague and thoughtless manner. The adjective
Greek may connote many things, but what it denotes is language. People who
speak Greek as their mother tongue are Greeks, and if a Turkish-speaking
inhabitant of Constantinople could trace his pedigree straight to
Pericles, he would still be a Turk, whatever his name, his faith, his
hair, features, and stature--whatever his blood might be. We can classify
languages, and as languages presuppose people that speak them, we can so
far classify mankind, according to their grammars and dictionaries; while
all who possess scientific honesty must confess and will confess that, as
yet, it has been impossible to devise any truly scientific classification
of skulls, to say nothing of blood, or bones, or hair. The label on one of
the skulls in the Munich Collection, "Etruscan-Tyrol, or Inca-Peruvian,"
characterizes not too unfairly the present state of ethnological
craniology. Let those who imagine that the great outlines, at least, of a
classification of skulls have been firmly established, consult Mr. Brace's
useful manual of "The Races of the World," where he has collected the
opinions of some of the best judges on the subject. We quote a few
passages:(47)--

"Dr. Bachmann concludes, from the measurements of Dr. Tiedemann
and Dr. Morton, that the negro skull, though less than the
European, is within one inch as large as the Persian and the
Armenian, and three square inches larger than the Hindu and
Egyptian. The scale is thus given by Dr. Morton: European skull,
87 cubic inches; Malay, 85; Negro 83; Mongol, 82; Ancient
Egyptian, 80; American, 79. The ancient Peruvians and Mexicans,
who constructed so elaborate a civilization, show a capacity only
of from 75 to 79 inches.... Other observations by Huschke make the
average capacity of the skull of Europeans 40.88 oz.; of
Americans, 39.13; of Mongols, 38.39; of Negroes, 37.57; of Malays,
36.41."

"Of the shape of the skull, as distinctive of different origin,
Professor M. J. Weber has said there is no proper mark of a
definite race from the cranium so firmly attached that it may not
be found in some other race. Tiedemann has met