mporis Catholici_, by Edward Greswell; and by the same
author (1854), _Origines Kalendariae Italicae_; and 1862, _Origines
Kalendariae Hellenicae_.

More modern works are the _Encyclopaedia of Chronology_, by B.B.
Woodward and W.L.R. Cates (1872); and J.C. Macdonald's _Chronologies
and Calendars_ (1897). But see the separate historical articles in
this work. (W. L. R. C.)

CHRUDIM, a town of Bohemia, Austria, 74 m. E.S.E. of Prague by rail.
Pop. (1900) 13,017, mostly Czech. It has an important horse market,
besides manufactures of sugar, spirits, beer, soda-water and
agricultural machinery. There are also steam corn-mills and saw-mills.
Chrudim is mentioned as the castle of a _gaugraf_ as early as 993. The
new town was founded by Ottokar II., who settled many Germans in it and
gave it many privileges. After 1421 Chrudim was held by the Hussites,
and though Ferdinand I. confiscated most of the town property, it
prospered greatly till the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War. In 1625
the greater part of its Hussite inhabitants left the town, which
suffered much later on from the Swedes. Chrudim was the birthplace of
Joseph Ressel (1793-1857), honoured in Austria as the inventor of the
screw propeller.

CHRYSANTHEMUM[1] (_Chrysanthemum sinense_; nat. ord. Compositae), one of
the most popular of autumn flowers. It is a native of China, whence it
was introduced to Europe. The first chrysanthemum in England was grown
at Kew in 1790, whither it had been sent by Mr Cels, a French gardener.
It was not, however, till 1825 that the first chrysanthemum exhibition
took place in England. The small-flowered pompons, and the
grotesque-flowered Japanese sorts, are of comparatively recent date, the
former having originated from the Chusan daisy, a variety introduced by
Mr Fortune in 1846, and the latter having also been introduced by the
same traveller about 1862. The Japanese kinds are unquestionably the
most popular for decorative purposes as well as for exhibition. They
afford a wide choice in colour, form, habit and times of flowering. The
incurved Chinese kinds are severely neat-looking flowers in many shades
of colour. The anemone-flowered kinds have long outer or ray petals, the
interior or disk petals being short and tubular. These are to be had in
many pleasing colours. The pompon kinds are small flowered, the petals
being short. The plants are mostly dwarf in habit. In the single
varieties the outer o