ed
water chrysolite or pseudo-chrysolite.

See CHRYSOBERYL; OLIVINE; PERIDOT.

CHRYSOLORAS, MANUEL [or EMMANUEL] (c. 1355-1415), one of the pioneers in
spreading Greek literature in the West, was born at Constantinople of a
distinguished family, which had removed with Constantine the Great to
Byzantium. He was a pupil of Gemistus (q.v.). In 1393 he was sent to
Italy by the emperor Manuel Palaeologus to implore the aid of the
Christian princes against the Turks. He returned to Constantinople, but
at the invitation of the magistrates of Florence he became about 1395
professor of the Greek language in that city, where he taught three
years. He became famous as a translator of Homer and Plato. Having
visited Milan and Pavia, and resided for several years at Venice, he
went to Rome upon the invitation of Bruni Leonardo, who had been his
pupil, and was then secretary to Gregory XII. In 1408 he was sent to
Paris on an important mission from the emperor Manuel Palaeologus. In
1413 he went to Germany on an embassy to the emperor Sigismund, the
object of which was to fix a place for the assembling of a general
council. It was decided that the meeting should take place at Constance;
and Chrysoloras was on his way thither, having been chosen to represent
the Greek Church, when he died suddenly on the 15th of April 1415. Only
two of his works have been printed, his _Erotemata_ (published at Venice
in 1484), which was the first Greek grammar in use in the West, and
_Epistolae III. de comparatione veteris et novae Romae_.

JOHN CHRYSOLORAS, a relative of the above (variously described as his
nephew, brother or son), who, like him, had studied and taught at
Constantinople, and had then gone to Italy, shared Manuel's reputation
as one of those who spread the influence of Greek letters in the West.
His daughter married Filelfo (q.v.).

CHRYSOPRASE (Gr. [Greek: chrysos], gold, and [Greek: prason], leek), a
name applied by modern mineralogists to an apple-green variety of
chalcedony or hornstone, used as an ornamental stone. The colour is due
to the presence of nickel, probably in the form of a hydrous silicate.
By exposure to a moderate heat, or to strong light, the chrysoprase
becomes paler, or even colourless, but it may regain its colour by
absorption of moisture. Chrysoprase is a mineral of rather limited
distribution. Most of it comes from the neighbourhood of Frankenstein in
Silesia, where it occurs in association