present empire.
It would seem that the northern Chudes are the Vepsas, of whom about
21,000 are said to live near Lake Onega and in the northern parts of the
government of Novgorod, and that the southern Chudes are the Votes who
occupy about thirty parishes in north-west Ingria. (2) As the Russians
advanced eastwards they extended the name to various tribes whom they
considered to be like the Esthonians, and in popular use it has come to
be applied to any ancient non-Russian people in Siberia, at least as far
east as the Altai. In particular, ancient mines, tumuli and the metal
work often found in them are commonly known as Chudish. Some
investigators have used the word in a more restricted sense of Permian
antiquities and their builders, but it seems to be a popular expression
not corresponding to any historical or scientific division of mankind.

CHUGUYEV, a town of Russia, in the government of Kharkov, 25 m. E.S.E.
of the town of Kharkov, on the right bank of the northern Donets. It is
a place of some strategic importance, and had in 1897 a population of
11,877.

CHUKCHI, CHANKTUS ("Men") or TUSKI ("Brothers" or "Confederates"), a
Mongoloid people inhabiting the northeasternmost portion of Siberia on
the shores of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea. They are settled in small
groups along the Arctic coast between the Bering Straits and the Kolyma
river, or wander as far inland as the Anadyr basin. Though their
territory embraces some 300,000 odd sq. m., the most trustworthy
estimates put their numbers at but a few thousands. They were first
carefully studied by the members of the Nordenskjoeld expedition
(1878-79), who describe them as tall, lean, with somewhat irregular
features--hence de Quatrefages classes them as "Allophylian Whites." The
accounts of their physical characteristics are somewhat confused owing
to the presence of the true Eskimo in the Chukchi domain. The typical
Chukchi is round-headed, and thus distinct from the long-headed Eskimo,
with broad, flat features and high cheek-bones. The nose is often so
buried between the puffed cheeks that a ruler might be laid across the
face without touching it. The lips are thick, and the brow low. The hair
is coarse, lank and black. The general muscular development is good,
though usually the body is stunted. It has been suggested that they
emigrated from the south, possibly from the Amur basin. In their arctic
homes they long carried on war with the On