verywhere churches were
cleared of images and reduced to the state of those described by William
Harrison in his _Description of England_ (1570), only the "pictures in
glass" being suffered in some cases to survive for a while "by reason of
the extreme cost of replacing them." The structures of the churches,
however, remained; and these, even in countries which departed furthest
from the Catholic system, served in some measure to keep its tradition
alive. Protestantism has, indeed, produced a distinctive church
architecture, i.e. the conventicle type, favoured more especially by the
so-called "Free Churches." Its distinctive features are pulpit and
auditorium, and it is symbolical of the complete equality of ministers
and congregation. In general, however, Protestant builders have been
content to preserve or to adapt the traditional models. It would be
interesting in this connexion to trace the reverse effect of church
architecture upon church doctrine. In England, for instance, the
chancels were for the most part disused after the Reformation (see
Harrison, op. cit.), but presently they came into use again, and on the
Catholic revival in the Church of England in the 19th century it is
certain that the medieval churches exercised an influence by giving a
sense of fitness, which might otherwise have been lacking, to the
restoration of medieval ritual. A similar tendency has of late years
been displayed in the Established Church of Scotland.

Churches, as the outcome of the organization of the Catholic Church, are
divided into classes as "cathedral," "conventual" and "collegiate,"
"parochial" and "district" churches. It must be noted, however, that the
term cathedral (q.v.), ecclesiastically applicable to any church which
happens to be a bishop's see, architecturally connotes a certain size
and dignity, and is sometimes applied to churches which have never been,
or have long ceased to be, bishop's seats. (W.A.P.)

(2) _The Religious Community._--In the sense of Christian community
(_ecclesia_) the word "Church" is applied in a narrow sense to any one
of the numerous separate organizations into which Christendom is divided
(e.g. Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox Eastern Church, Church of England,
Evangelical [Lutheran] Church)--these are dealt with under their several
headings--and in a comprehensive sense (with which we are now concerned)
to the general body of all those "who profess and call themselves
Christians." Religi