the alternation between enclitic and orthotonic forms still
survives in the commonest verbs, e.g. Irish _bheir se_ "he gives," _ni
thabhair se_, "he does not give," infin. _tabhairt_; Scottish _bheir
e, cha toir, toirt_; Manx _ver eh, cha der, coyrt_; Irish _ni se_, "he
does," _ni dheanann se_, "he does not do," infin. _deanamh_; Scottish
_ni e_, "he does," _cha dean e_, "he will not do," infin. _deanamh_;
Manx _nee eh, cha jean eh, jannoo_.

In the early period Irish borrowed a number of words from Latin. These
are mainly connected with the church or with articles of civilization
which would be imported from Roman Britain. Some of these show traces
of British pronunciation, e.g. O. Ir. _trindoit_, from Latin
_trinitatem_ with o for a. In others again Lat. p is represented in
Ir. by c, which may be due to the substitution of q as being the
nearest Irish sound to the foreign p. Thus we find Ir. _corcur_,
"purple," _casc_, "Easter"; _cenciges_, "Whitsuntide"; _cruimther_,
"presbyter." In addition to these several loans were received from
Norse. In the Mid. Irish period many French words came in, and during
the middle and modern periods the number of English words introduced
is legion. Pedersen has tried to show in his _Vergl. Gramm._ that a
considerable number of words were borrowed from Brythonic (Welsh) at
an early date.

[For the Latin loan-words, see J. Vendryes, _De hibernicis vocabulis
quae a latina lingua originem duxerunt_ (Paris, 1902); Kuno Meyer has
collected a number of loan-words from Norse, Anglo-Saxon, Early
English, Latin and Early French in _Revue celtique_, xii. 460 and
xiii. 505. See also Whitley Stokes, _Bezzenberger's Beitrage_, xviii.
56 ff. For Celtic names in Norse see W. Stokes, _Revue celtique_, iii.
186 ff., and W.A. Craigie, _Zeitschr. f. celt. Phil._ i. 439 ff.]

With regard to the dialects of Irish, there is a well-known rhyme
which states the peculiarities of the speech of the four provinces,
and dialectical differences must have existed at an early period,
though they do not make their appearance in the literary language
until the 18th century. At the present day the Irish of Leinster has
vanished entirely, and we have unfortunately no records of it. But in
the other three provinces the vernacular still lives, and we find the
Irish of Munster, Connaught and Ulster marked off from one another by
well-defined peculiarit