tressed final vowels, e.g. _chiarn_, "lord," Irish,
_tighearna_; -yn is the favourite plural ending in substantives. The
nasal mutation has been partly given up. Old Irish stressed e is
frequently retained, e.g. _fer_, "man," Irish _far_ (spelt _fear_),
and the vowels o and a are confused as in Scottish, e.g. Manx _cass_,
"foot," Scottish _cas_, Irish _cos_. Manx is divided in itself about
the treatment of short accented vowels before _ll, nn, m_. According
to Rhys the south side lengthens, whilst the north side diphthongizes;
e.g. Irish _crann_, "tree," _clann_, "offspring," S. Manx _kron_,
_klon_, N. Manx, _kroun_, _kloun_ (written _croan_, _cloan_). In the
matter of stress Manx is quite original, going farther even than the
dialects of the south of Ireland. Not only does it shift the stress in
the case of heavy derivative suffixes like -an and reduce the
preceding vowel, e.g. Ir. _fuaran_, Sc. _fuaran_, Manx _fran_,
"spring," but even in cases like _caghlaa_, "variety," Sc. Ir.
_caochladh_, O. Ir. _coimmchloud_; _coraa_, "voice," Ir. _comhradh_.
The Mid. English stress on the final is further retained in words from
the French such as _ashoon_, "nation," _livrey_, "deliver."

As other features peculiar to Manx we may mention the following. An
intervocalic s or sh shows a tendency to become lisped and voiced to
d. In monosyllables post-vocalic final m, n, are often preceded by an
intrusive b, d respectively, thus _ben_ "woman," may be heard as
_bedn_. Ir. a becomes more palatal and is often ae. Ir. sc becomes st,
_sht_, e.g. Ir. _fescor_, "evening," Manx _fastyr_; Ir. _uisce_,
"water," Manx _ushtey_.

AUTHORITIES ON MANX.--The place and personal names of the Isle of Man
have been collected by A.W. Moore in _Manx Names_[2] (London, 1903)
(33% of the proper names are Scandinavian). The chief source of
information about the spoken language is J. Rhys, _The Outlines of the
Phonology of Manx Gaelic_ (London, 1895) (the book has unfortunately
no index and no texts). The only serious attempt to represent spoken
Manx graphically is the transcription of a song by J. Strachan in the
_Zeitschr. fur celtische Philologie_, vol. i. p. 54. The native
grammarian is J. Kelly, who in 1803 published _A Practical Grammar of
the Ancient Gaelic or Language of the Isle of Man, usually called
Manks_. This book was republished by W. Gill for the Manx Society in
1859, and