A. Troude,
_Nouveau Dictionnaire pratique francais et breton du dialecte de Leon
avec les acceptations diverses dans les dialectes de Vannes, de
Treguier, et de Cornouailles_ (Brest, 1869), and _Nouveau Dictionnaire
pratique breton-francais_ (Brest, 1876); E. Ernault, "Supplement aux
dictionnaires bretons-francais," _Revue celtique_, iv. 145-170. The
Breton words in Gallo, the French patois of Upper Brittany, were
collected by E. Ernault, _Revue celtique_, v. 218 ff.

(c) _Cornish._--The ancient language of Cornwall (_Kernuak, Carnoack_)
stood in a much closer relation to Breton than to Welsh,[1] though in
some respects it sides with the latter against the former.

It agrees with Breton on the following points:--It has given up the
nasal mutation of initials but provects the mediae. Prim. Celt. a is
not diphthongized, but becomes e, e.g. Corn, _ler_, "floor," Br.
_leur_, W. _llawr_, Ir. _lar_. _Ng_ is lost as in Breton, e.g. _toy_,
"to swear," Br. _toui_, W. _tyngu_, Ir. _tongu_; nd becomes nt before
the stress and not nn as in Welsh, e.g. Corn. Br. _hanter_, "half," W.
_hanner_. Cornish like Breton does not prefix a vowel to words
beginning with s + consonant, e.g. Corn. _spirit_, later _spyrys_, Br.
_spered_, W. _yspryd_. On the other hand, O. Cornish does not confuse
i and e to the same extent as Bret., e.g. W. _helyg_, "willow," O.
Cornish _heligen_, Br. _halek_. Further, Cornish does not change th, d
to s, z as in Breton, _e.g. beth_, "grave," Br. _bez_, W. _bedd_, and
initial g disappears in the vocalic mutation as in Welsh. Peculiar to
Cornish is the change of non-initial t, d to s, z. This occurs in the
oldest Cornish after n, l, e.g. O. Corn, _nans_, "valley," W. _nant_;
Corn. _tas_, "father," W. _tad_. A feature of later Cornish is the
introduction of a d before post-vocalic m, n, e.g. _pedn_, "head," W.
_pen_. In later Cornish the accent seems to have fallen on the
penultimate as in Modern Welsh and Breton.

In 936 the "Welsh" were driven out of Exeter by AEthelstan, and from
that time the Tamar appears to have formed a general boundary between
English and Cornish, though there seems to be evidence that even as
late as the reign of Elizabeth Cornish was spoken in a few places to
the east of that river. The decay of Cornish has been largely
attributed to the Reformation. Neither the Prayer-book nor the
Scriptures were translated into the vern