Minor _v._ Happersett, 21 Wall. 162 (1875).

[46] Pope _v._ Williams, 193 U.S. 621 (1904).

[47] Ferry _v._ Spokane, P. & S.R. Co., 258 U.S. 314 (1922).

[48] Walker _v._ Sauvinet, 92 U.S. 90 (1876).

[49] Presser _v._ Illinois, 116 U.S. 252, 267 (1886).

[50] Maxwell _v._ Dow, 176 U.S. 581, 596, 597-598 (1900).

[51] Twining _v._ New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, 91-98 (1908). Reaffirmed in
Adamson _v._ California, 332 U.S. 46, 51-53 (1947).

[52] New York ex rel. Bryant _v._ Zimmerman, 278 U.S. 63, 71 (1928).

[53] Palko _v._ Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937).

[54] Breedlove _v._ Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937).

[55] Madden _v._ Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83, 92-93 (1940); overruling Colgate
_v._ Harvey, 296 U.S. 404, 430 (1935).

[56] Snowden _v._ Hughes, 321 U.S. 1 (1944).

[57] MacDougall _v._ Green, 335 U.S. 281 (1948)

[58] Hibben _v._ Smith, 191 U.S. 310, 325 (1903).

[59] Carroll _v._ Greenwich Ins. Co., 199 U.S. 401, 410 (1905). _See
also_ French _v._ Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181 U.S. 324, 328 (1901).

[60] Scott _v._ Sandford, 19 How. 393, 450 (1857), is the exception.
_See_ pp. 963-964.

[61] 16 Wall. 36 (1873).

[62] Ibid. 80-81.

[63] 94 U.S. 113 (1877).

[64] Ibid. 134.

[65] 96 U.S. 97 (1878).

[66] Ibid. 103-104.

[67] 110 U.S. 516 (1884).

[68] Ibid. 528, 532, 536.

[69] 94 U.S. 113, 141-148 (1877).

[70] 123 U.S. 623, 661.

[71] 16 Wall. 36, 113-114, 116, 122 (1873).

[72] Savings & Loan Association _v._ Topeka, 20 Wall. 655, 663
(1875).--"There are * * * rights in every free government beyond the
control of the State. * * * There are limitations on [governmental
power] which grow out of the essential nature of all free governments.
Implied reservations of individual rights, without which the social
compact could not exist, * * *"

[73] "Rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are
equivalent to the rights of life, liberty, and property. These are the
fundamental rights which can only be taken away by due process of law,
and which can only be interfered with, or the enjoyment of which can
only be modified, by lawful regulations necessary or proper for the
mutual good of all; * * * This right to choose one's calling is an
essential part of that liberty which it is the object of government to
protect; and a calling, when chosen, is a man's property and right. * *
* A law which prohibits a large class of citizens from adopting a lawful
employment, or from following a law