clares void all the acts of his
opponents; stringent decrees against the heretics of Southern France,
called Manicheans, Paulicians, and afterward Albigenses.

1164. Henry II convokes an assembly of barons and prelates; they enact
the Constitutions of Clarendon. See "ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS
BECKET," vi, i.

1165. Pope Alexander returns to Rome.

1166. Emperor Frederick I reenforces his army and again invades Italy.

1167. General league of the Lombard cities formed; Milan rebuilt.
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa defeats the Sicilian auxiliaries of Pope
Alexander, captures Rome, and seats Antipope Paschal.

1168. Success of the Lombard League; they found a new city, named
Alessandria, in honor of the Pope. See "THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE," vi,
28.

Death of Antipope Paschal III; Antipope Callistus III set up.

1169. Richard Strongbow, with other knights, begins the English
conquest of Ireland; Wexford, Waterford, and Dublin captured.

1170. Peter Waldo, a citizen of Lyons, founds a preaching society,
afterward called Waldenses.

Murder of Thomas Becket. See "ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS BECKET," vi,
i.

1171. End of the Fatimite dynasty in Egypt; Saladin, acting for
Noureddin, becomes supreme head.

Henry II lands with an army at Waterford, Ireland; his own knights and
many Irish chiefs do homage to him for their lands.

1173. Henry II appears before the papal legates and receives
absolution for Becket's death; his Queen, Eleanor, jealous of Fair
Rosamond, incites her sons to rebel against their father; Louis, King
of France, supports them, and David of Scotland invades England.

1174. Saladin becomes independent sultan of Egypt.

Henry II does penance at Becket's tomb; he defeats and captures the
King of Scotland, and quells the insurrection of his sons. The Leaning
Tower of Pisa commenced.

1175. English conquest of Ireland completed.

1176. Frederick I is defeated at Legnano by the forces of the Lombard
League. See "THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE," vi, 28.

Peter Coleman commences the erection of the first stone bridge across
the Thames at London.

1177. Meeting of Emperor Frederick and Pope Alexander; a treaty is
concluded between them.

Henry II divides England into six circuits, through which he sends
justices twice a year to administer the law in each county.

1178. A fleet is sent by the King of Sicily to assist the Christians
in Palestine.

1179. Eleventh general council, Third of the Lateran, declar