him.
See "PHILIP OF FRANCE WINS THE FRENCH DOMAINS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS,"
vi, 86.

1203. Constantinople attacked and taken by the Venetians and
crusaders, who restore the emperor Isaac Angelus.

A great Mongol empire raised by Ghengis Khan. See "FOUNDING OF THE
MONGOL EMPIRE BY GHENGIS KHAN," vi, 103.

1204. Constantinople in revolt. See "VENETIANS AND CRUSADERS TAKE
CONSTANTINOPLE," vi, 121.

Loss of Normandy and other French possessions by King John of England.
See "PHILIP OF FRANCE WINS THE FRENCH DOMAINS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS,"
vi, 86.

Foundation of the Latin Empire of the East. See "LATIN EMPIRE OF THE
EAST," vi, 140.

1205. Boniface sells Crete to the Venetians.

1206. Henry of Flanders elected emperor of Constantinople; he vainly
attempts to remedy the civil and ecclesiastical confusion in his
dominions.

Theodore Lascaris, son-in-law of Alexius III, establishes the Greek
empire of Nicaea.

1207. Stephen Langton consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by Innocent
III; resistance of King John. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL
POWER," vi, 156.

1208. Tuscany ceases to be a separate state, except the republic of
Florence.

A crusade against the Albigenses is proclaimed by Innocent III.

An interdict laid on England as King John persists in rejecting
Stephen Langton. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.

Assassination of Philip of Swabia by Otho, Count of Wittelsbach; Otho
IV becomes emperor of Germany in place of his father.

1209. Foundation of the order of Franciscans.

Defeat of the Scots under William I in an invasion of England.

Salinguerra, leader of the Ghibellines at Ferrara, expels the marquis
Azzo and the Guelfs.

Massacre of the Albigenses by the crusaders, at Beziers, France. See
"INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.

1210. Emperor Otho IV claims Sicily of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen;
he attempts its conquest. He is excommunicated by the Pope.

Fourteen heretics are condemned to the flames by the Council of Paris;
the works of Aristotle are ordered to be burned, and the future
translation and reading of them forbidden.

1211. Marquis Azzo recovers his influence in Ferrara.

1212. Frederick of Hohenstaufen, supported by Innocent III, wars with
Otho for the German crown.

Battle of Navasde Tolosa; the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre
crush the Moors and destroy the Almohade power in Spain.

Children's Crusade from France and Germany. See "THE S