t great conflict; the combined
fleets of Venice and Pisa defeat the Genoese.

Manfred is crowned king of the Two Sicilies.

Hulaku Khan founds the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans and ends the
caliphate of Bagdad.

1259. Treaty of Abbeville between Henry III, King of England, and
Louis IX (St. Louis) of France.

1260. Ottocar II of Bohemia secures Styria by defeating Bela IV of
Hungary.

1261. Overthrow of the Latin Empire of the East; Michael Palaeologus,
assisted by Genoese forces, instals the Palaeologi dynasty on the
Eastern throne; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks. The Genoese
are given important naval stations, and the Venetians are excluded
from the Black Sea.

1262. Beginning of the barons' war in England; the kingly power is
restored to Henry III by parliament; his son Edward brings in a
foreign army to support him.

1263. Last invasion of Scotland by the Norwegians repulsed by King
Alexander III.

1264. Henry III and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, are defeated and
taken prisoners at Lewes by Simon de Montfort at the head of the
English barons.

1265. Representation of the commons in parliament is granted by Simon
de Montfort. At the battle of Evesham he is defeated and slain; the
authority of the King is restored.

Birth of Dante.

1266. Magnus, King of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man
to Scotland.

Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily.

Florentine nobles (Grandi) are excluded from all part in the
government of Florence.

1267. Conradin enters Italy with an army; a large part of Sicily
declares in his favor.

1268. In attempting to recover the Two Sicilies from Charles,
Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, is captured and executed.

Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquers the Christian
principalities of Antioch and Joppa. See "MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN
EGYPT," vi, 240.

Louis IX, by a pragmatic sanction, resists the papal claim to nominate
bishops in France.

1269. Charles of Anjou aids in the restoration of the Guelfs in
Florence.

1270. Louis IX, of France, by his "establishments," suppresses the
wager of battle and provides for a regular administration of justice.

The last of the crusades. See "Louis IX LEADS THE LAST CRUSADE," vi,
275.

Venice levies a toll on the goods of Bolognese merchants; payment is
refused; war between the two states follows.

1271. Crusade of Prince Edward of England; he drives Beibars from the
siege of Acre and takes Mazar