all the towns and villages submerged.

Massacre of the French in Sicily. See "THE SICILIAN VESPERS," vi, 340,

1283. After a struggle of fifty years the Teutonic Knights complete
their power over the Prussians.

1284. Naval battle of Meloria; the Genoese crush the power of the
Pisans.

Queen Eleanora gives birth to a son at Carnarvon castle, Wales,
afterward Edward II, from whom the eldest son of the King of England
takes the title of Prince of Wales. See "EDWARD I CONQUERS WALES," vi,
316.

1285. Death of Philip III of France; his son, Philip IV, succeeds.
Florence is appealed to for protection by the citizens of Pisa.

1286. First introduction of the _gabelle_, or salt duty, in France.

1287. Destruction of the shipping and magazines in the harbor of Pisa
by the Genoese.

1288. Othman, from whose name are derived the terms Ottoman and
Osmanli, lays the foundation of the Turkish empire in Asia Minor.

1289. The Ghibellines of Arezzo and their allies are defeated by the
Florentines at Campaldino.

1290. Edward I expels the Jews from England. See "EXPULSION OF JEWS
FROM ENGLAND," vi, 356.

Death of the "Maid of Norway," Queen of Scotland; John Balliol, Robert
Bruce, and others dispute the succession.

Ladislaus of Hungary assassinated; he is succeeded by Andrew III,
called the Venetian, from the place of his birth.

1291. Edward I, of England, decides the disputed succession in
Scotland; he claims and receives homage from the competitors as their
suzerain.

In Switzerland the three Forest Cantons confederate, these being Uri,
Schwyz, and Unterwalden.

Siege and conquest of Acre from the Christians by Malek el-Ashref; end
of the Christian realm of Jerusalem.

Death of Rudolph of Hapsburg.

Death of Saadi, the Persian poet.

1292. Edward I awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does
homage to him.

Adolphus of Nassau elected to the German throne.

1293. Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward I to appear in
London.

1294. Under Nicolo Spinola the Genoese capture a Venetian fleet and
take Canea, in the isle of Candia.

1295. Philip the Fair of France, and John Balliol, King of Scotland,
make war on England.

1296. Balliol is dethroned by Edward I, who invades and conquers
Scotland.

Pope Boniface VIII issues his bull (_Clericus laicos_) against the
taxation of the property of the Church without the consent of the holy
see. Philip the Fair of France refuses to comply with