IXTH CRUSADE,"
vi, 208.

1213. King John of England submits to the Pope. See "INNOCENT III
EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.

Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, who is awarded the
principality of Toulouse,

1214. Battle of Bouvines; victory of Philip Augustus over Otho IV,
supported by English and Flemish auxiliaries.

1215. Transubstantiation declared, by the twelfth general council, to
be a doctrine of the Church; auricular confession enforced; it
transfers the greater part of the lands of Count Raymond, the late
Albigenses leader, to Simon de Montfort.

Magna Charta signed by King John. See "SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA," vi,
175.

In Florence begins the fierce quarrel between the Guelfs and
Ghibellines.

Founding of the order of Dominicans.

China invaded by Ghengis Khan; he captures Peking.

1216. Invited by the English barons, Louis, son of Philip Augustus,
lands in England with an army; King John marches to meet him; he loses
his baggage and many men in the Lincolnshire quicksands; he flees to
Newark and there dies of chagrin. Henry III succeeds John; the Earl of
Pembroke Protector.

1217. A fifth crusade; Andrew II, King of Hungary, and other princes
head the expedition.

Simon de Montfort, during a revolt, is slain at the siege of Toulouse.
Louis is defeated by the Protector, Pembroke, and returns to France.

1218. Andrew withdraws from the crusade; it is continued by William I,
Count of Holland, and John of Brienne.

1219. Damietta is reduced by the crusaders.

A bull of Pope Honorius III forbids the teaching of the civil law in
the University of Paris.

1220. Imperial coronation of the Hohenstaufen Frederick II.
Turkestan is overrun by the Mongols, who capture Bokhara and
Samarkand.

1221. Disastrous terms are imposed on the crusaders, who evacuate
Egypt.

1222. Signing of the Golden Bull of Hungary. See "THE GOLDEN BULL,
'HUNGARY'S MAGNA CHARTA,' SIGNED," vi, 191.

1223. Death of Philip Augustus; his son, Louis VIII, succeeds to the
French throne.

Pope Honorius III convenes a congress at Florence; Emperor Frederick
pledges himself to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to
marry John de Brienne's daughter, Yolanthe.

Hacon V holds the first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, at Bergen.

1224. Victory over the Russians by the Mongols on the Kalka. See
"RUSSIA CONQUERED BY THE TARTAR HORDES," vi, 196.

Amaury de Montfort cedes his claim on Toulouse to Louis