VIII of
France.

1225. Pope Honorius III, annoyed by the Roman senate, retires to
Tivoli.

Frederick, after obtaining a further delay of two years for his
crusade, marries Yolanthe. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.

1226. Death of Louis VIII; his son, Louis IX (St. Louis), succeeds
under the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile.

Renewal of the Lombard League against Emperor Frederick II.

1227. Death of Pope Honorius III; Gregory IX, who succeeds him, urges
the crusade; Frederick's first expedition miscarries. See "THE SIXTH
CRUSADE," vi, 208.

Great disorders in Italy; the Gyelf partisans are driven out of Verona
and Vicenza.

Death of Ghengis Khan; his four sons divide the empire between them.

1228. Death of Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury; his successor,
Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from being infringed.

1229. Terms fatal to the Albigenses are accepted by Raymond VII of
Toulouse.

Frederick II again departs for Palestine. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi,
208.

1230. Reconciliation of Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.
First arrival of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia.

Theodor, Emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made prisoner, and blinded
by Asan, King of Bulgaria; his brother, Manuel, usurps the throne.

1231. Summoned to assist the Poles, the Teutonic Knights defeat the
pagan Prussians and found their dominions on the shores of the
Baltic.

Four hundred families of Oghusian Tartars, driven from Khorassan,
effect a settlement near Mount Olympus; from these the Ottomans
descend.

1232. Distracted by civil wars the Moors in Spain are defeated at
Seville by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile, and lose the Balearic
Islands to James, King of Aragon.

1233. Conrad of Marburg, the first inquisitor of Germany, put to death
for his cruelty.

Coal first discovered near Newcastle, England.

1234. Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who
resist his temporal power and seize his revenues; he appeals to
Emperor Frederick II for assistance.

1235. Marriage of Frederick II to Isabella, sister of Henry III of
England. He forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such
occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players.

1236. Ezzelino da Romano, the Ghibelline leader, joins Emperor
Frederick II in war upon the Lombard League.

Cordova recovered from the Moors by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile.

1237. Battle of Cortenuova; victory of Frederick II over the Lombard