s build Frascati.

The city of Bern, Switzerland, built.

1192. The Order of the Garter said to have been originated by Richard
I of England at Acre.

After leaving Palestine, Richard is shipwrecked near Aquileia; he is
imprisoned and held for ransom by Emperor Henry VI.

1193. Pope Celestin III threatens to excommunicate the princes who
hold King Richard in captivity.

John Lackland, brother of Richard, King of England, attempts to usurp
the throne; he is resisted by the barons.

Discord and wars among the municipal republics of Italy.

1194. Richard, after having been a captive for more than a year, is
released for a ransom of 150,000 marks, raised by his subjects. He
returns to England, declares war against Philip Augustus, and invades
Normandy. He pardons his brother John.

Emperor Henry VI puts an end to the Norman line in Sicily; he founds
the Hohenstaufen dynasty there.

1195. Battle of Alarcos; Alfonso the Noble, King of Castile, defeated
by the Moors.

1196. Crusade of German barons to Palestine.

1197. Death of Henry VI of Germany; his heir is an infant son,
Frederick II.

1198. Contest for the crowns of Germany and Italy between Philip of
Swabia, supported by the Ghibellines, and Otho of Brunswick, son of
Henry the Lion, aided by the Guelfs.

Florence becomes an independent republic.

Battle of Gisors, France; Richard Coeur de Lion defeats the French;
his war-cry, "_Dieu et mon droit_" later became the motto to the arms
of England.

1199. Richard Coeur de Lion is slain while contesting with one of his
French vassals. John usurps the throne of England to the exclusion of
Prince Arthur. See "PHILIP OF FRANCE WINS THE FRENCH DOMAINS
OF THE ENGLISH KINGS," vi, 86.

A quarrel between Parma and Placentia inflames a general war among the
cities of Lombardy.

1200. King John and Philip Augustus, the latter forsaking Arthur's
cause, come to terms.

Pope Innocent III compels Philip Augustus to take back his queen, whom
he had divorced.

1201. Fourth Crusade undertaken by Baldwin of Flanders, Simon de
Montfort, and Boniface of Montserrat; treaty of the nobles of France
and Flanders with Venice.

Chartering of the University of Paris, by Philip.

1202. Venice secures the help of the crusaders by agreeing to
transport them to Palestine, in place of a part of the payment, in the
conquest of the city of Zara, then in rebellion.

Prince Arthur made prisoner by his uncle, King John, who murders