beautiful Italian
tongue; and it is possible that many other talented men may have
received fruitful impressions from Rome at this time.

For Boniface the jubilee was a real victory. The crowds that streamed
to Rome showed him that men still retained their belief in the city as
the sacred temple of the united world. The monster festival of
reconciliation seemed to flow like a river of grace over its own past,
and to wipe away the hated recollection of Celestine V, of his war
with the Colonnas, and all the accusations of his enemies. In these
days he could revel in a feeling of almost divine power, as scarcely
any pope had been able to do before him. He sat on the highest throne
of the West, adorned by the spoils of empire, as the "vicar of God" on
earth. As the dogmatic ruler of the world, the keys of blessing and
destruction in his hand, he beheld thousands from distant lands come
before his throne and cast themselves in the dust before him as before
a higher being. Kings, however, he did not see. Beyond Charles Martel,
no monarch came to Rome to receive, as a penitent, absolution for his
sins. This shows that the faith, which the battles of Alexander III
and Innocent III had formerly won, was extinguished at royal courts.

Boniface VIII closed the memorable festival on Christmas Eve of the
year 1300. It forms an epoch in the history of the papacy, as in that
of Rome. The year of jubilee and enthusiasm was followed, in terrible
contrast, by the tragic end of the Pope, the fall of the papacy from
its height, and the decline of Rome to a condition of awful solitude.

CHRONOLOGY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY

EMBRACING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THIS VOLUME

A.D. 1162-1300

JOHN RUDD, LL.D.

CHRONOLOGY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY

EMBRACING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THIS VOLUME A.D. 1162-1300

JOHN RUDD, LL.D.

Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the
numerals following give volume and page.

Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of
famous persons, will be found in the INDEX VOLUME, with volume and
page references showing where the several events are fully treated.

A.D.

1162. Surrender and destruction of the city of Milan; the whole of
Lombardy submits to Frederick.

Thomas Becket, appointed archbishop of Canterbury, resigns the
chancellorship. See "ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS BECKET," vi, i. Flight
of Pope Alexander III into France.

1163. Council of Tours; Alexander de