ich
instructs the lover to whose lot it may fall to escort his lady on a
sea-voyage (instructions carried so far as to provide even for the case of
her death at sea!), alludes more than once to these plural rudders. Thus--

"---- se vedessi avenire
Che vento ti rompesse
_Timoni_ ...
In luogo di timoni
Fa spere[5] e in aqua poni." (P. 272-273.)

[Illustration: ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DOUBLE RUDDER OF THE MIDDLE AGES
12th Century Illumination (After Pertz)
Seal of Winchelsea.
12th Century Illumination (After Pertz)
From Leaning Tower (After Jal)
After Spinello Aretini at Siena
From Monument of St Peter Martyr]

And again, when about to enter a port, it is needful to be on the alert
and ready to run in case of a hostile reception, so the galley should
enter stern foremost--a movement which he reminds his lover involves the
reversal of the ordinary use of the two rudders:--

"_L' un timon leva suso
L' altro leggier tien giuso_,
Ma convien levar mano
Non mica com soleano,
Ma per contraro, e face
Cosi 'l guidar verace." (P. 275.)

A representation of a vessel over the door of the Leaning Tower at Pisa
shows this arrangement, which is also discernible in the frescoes of
galley-fights by Spinello Aretini, in the Municipal Palace at Siena.

[Godinho de Eredia (1613), describing the smaller vessels of Malacca which
he calls _balos_ in ch. 13, _De Embarcacoes_, says: "At the poop they have
two rudders, one on each side to steer with." E por poupa dos ballos, tem
2 lemes, hum en cada lado pera o governo. (_Malacca, l'Inde merid. et le
Cathay_, Bruxelles, 1882, 4to, f. 26.)--H. C.]

The midship rudder seems to have been the more usual in the western seas,
and the double quarter-rudders in the Mediterranean. The former are
sometimes styled _Navarresques_ and the latter _Latins_. Yet early seals
of some of the Cinque Ports show vessels with the double rudder; one of
which (that of Winchelsea) is given in the cut.

In the Mediterranean the latter was still in occasional use late in the
16th century. Captain Pantero Pantera in his book, _L'Armata Navale_
(Rome, 1614, p. 44), says that the Galeasses, or great galleys, had the
helm _alla Navarresca_, but also a great oar on each side of it to assist
in turning the ship. And I observe that the great galeasses which precede
the Christian line of battle at Lepanto, in one of the frescoes by Vasari
in the Royal Hall leading to the Sisti