on the other, which with 3-banked oars would give 165 rowers. (2)
Casoni himself refers to Pietro Martire d'Anghieria's account of a
Great Galley of Venice in which he was sent ambassador to Egypt from
the Spanish Court in 1503. The crew amounted to 200, of whom 150 were
for working the sails and oars, _that being the number of oars in each
galley_, one man to each oar and three to each bench. Casoni assumes
that this vessel must have been much larger than the galleys of the
14th century; but, however that may have been, Sanudo to his galley
assigns the larger crew of 250, of whom almost exactly the same
proportion (180) were rowers. And in he _galeazza_ described by Pietro
Martire the oars were used only as an occasional auxiliary. (See his
_Legationis Babylonicae Libri Tres_, appended to his 3 Decads
concerning the New World; _Basil_. 1533, f. 77 _ver._) (3) The galleys
of the 18th century, with their great oars 50 feet long pulled by six
or seven men each, had 25 benches to the side, and only 4' 6" (French)
gunnel-space to each oar. (See _Mem. d'un Protest._, p. 434.) I
imagine that a smaller space would suffice for the 3 light oars of the
mediaeval system, so that this need scarcely be a difficulty in the
face of the preceding evidence. Note also the _three hundred rowers_
in Joinville's description quoted at p. 40. The great galleys of the
Malay Sultan of Achin in 1621 had, according to Beaulieu, from 700 to
800 rowers, but I do not know on what system.

[13] _Marinus Sanutius_, p. 78. These titles occur also in the _Documenti
d'Amore_ of Fr. Barberino referred to at p. 117 of this volume:--

"Convienti qui manieri
_Portolatti e prodieri_
E presti galeotti
Aver, e forti e dotti."

[14] Spinello's works, according to Vasari, extended from 1334 till late
in the century. A religious picture of his at Siena is assigned to
1385, so the frescoes may probably be of about the same period. Of the
battle represented I can find no record.

[15] Engraved in Jal, i. 330; with other mediaeval illustrations of the
same points.

[16] To these Casoni adds _Sifoni_ for discharging Greek fire; but this he
seems to take from the Greek treatise of the Emperor Leo. Though I
have introduced Greek fire in the cut at p. 49, I doubt if there is
evidence of its use by the Italians in the thirtee