arobair
nam Bard Gaelach_, or _The Beauties of Gaelic Poetry_ (new ed.,
Edinburgh, 1904); A. Sinclair, _An t-Oranaiche_ (Glasgow, 1879); _The
Book of Deer_, edited for the Spalding Club by Dr Stuart (1869);
Alexander Macbain, _Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness_,
vols. xi. and xii.; _The Book of the Dean of Lismore_, edited by T.
Maclauchlan (1862); Alexander Cameron, _Reliquiae Celticae_
(Inverness, 1892-1894); John Reid, _Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica_
(Glasgow, 1832); _Catalogue_ of the books in the Celtic department,
Aberdeen University Library (1897); George Henderson, _Leabhar nan
Gleann_ (Inverness, 1898); D. Mackinnon, "The Fernaig MS." in
_Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness_, xi. 311-339; J.S.
Smart, _James Macpherson, An Episode in Literature_ (London, 1905);
L.C. Stern, "Die Ossianischen Heldenlieder" in _Zeitschrift fur
vergleichende Litteraturgeschichte_ (1895), translated by J.L.
Robertson in _Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness_, xxv.
257-325; G. Dottin, _Revue de synthese historique_, viii. 79-91; M.C.
Macleod, _Modern Gaelic Bards_ (Stirling, 1908). (E. C. Q.)

III. MANX LITERATURE.--The literary remains written in the Manx language
are much slighter than those of any other Celtic dialect. With one small
exception nothing pertaining to the saga literature of Ireland has been
preserved. The little we possess naturally falls under two
heads--original compositions and translations. With regard to the first
category we must give the place of honour to an Ossianic poem contained
in a MS. in the British Museum (written in 1789), which relates how
Orree, Finn's enemy, was tormented by the women of Finn's household when
the latter was away hunting, how he in revenge set fire to the house,
and how Finn had him torn in pieces by wild horses. Most of the existing
literature of native origin, however, consists of ballads and carols,
locally called carvels. These used to be sung on Christmas eve in the
churches, the members of the congregation each bringing a candle. Any
one who pleased could get up and sing one. These carvels deal largely
with the end of the world, the judgment-day and the horrors of hell.
About eighty of them were published under the title of _Carvalyn
Gailckagh_ (Douglas, 1891). An attempt is being made by _Yn Cheshaght
Gailckagh_ to revive the _Oiel Voirrey_ (=Irish _Oidhche Fheile
Mhuire_), "the feast of Mary," as the festi