alent of the morphological change of the plant cell
known as "lignification." The topical cuto-celluloses are the epidermal
tissues of all growing plants or organs, which are easily detached from
the underlying tissues which it is their function to protect. To
subserve this function, they are extremely resistant to the attack of
reagents. The associated groups are mostly of the normal saturated
series, and of very high molecular weight.

_Cellulose and Botanical Science._--The elaboration of cellulose, i.e.
of the cell walls, and its morphological and physiological aspects are
discussed in the articles PLANTS: _Physiology, Anatomy_: and CYTOLOGY;
while in the article COAL the part played by cellulose in the formation
of these deposits receives treatment: here we may deal with its general
relation to agriculture. In the analysis of fodder plants and other
vegetable produce, the residue obtained after successive acid and
alkaline hydrolysis is the "crude fibre" of the agricultural chemist,
and is generally taken as a measure of the actual cellulose contents of
the raw material. We give in tabular form the average percentage of
crude fibre in typical food-stuffs and agricultural produce:--

SEEDS

+----------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| Seeds of |Per cent of|Leguminous and|Per cent of|
| Cereals. | Fibre. | Oil Seeds. | Fibre. |
+----------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| Wheat | 2.8 | Rape | 6.4 |
| Barley | 6.3 | Cotton | 7.5 |
| Oats | 9.0 | Beans | 10.0 |
| Maize | 5.2 | Peas | 10.0 |
| Rye | 8.0 | Lentils | 10.0 |
| Rice | 2.5 | Vetches | 7.2 |
+----------+-----------+--------------+-----------+

FODDER CROPS

+-----------------+---------+-----------------+-----------+---------+---------+
|Stems and Foliage|Per cent | Fodder Crops. |Per cent of| Cereal |Per cent |
| of Root Crops. |of Fibre.| | Fibre.* | Straws. |of Fibre.|
+-----------------+---------+-----------------+-----------+---------+---------+
| White Turnip | 3.9 | Grasses | 32.0 | Oats | 60.68 |
| Swedish Turnip | 4.2 | Meadow Hay | 25.8 | Wheat | 75.77 |
| Carrot | 3.1 | Clover & Trefoil| 23.5 | Barley | 71.74 |
| Mangel | 2.6 | Vetches | 25