nk
Lydston, both of whom put forward convenient classifications of homosexual
manifestations some thirty years ago.[122] More recently (1911) an
American writer, under the pseudonym of Xavier Mayne, privately printed an
extensive work entitled _The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as
a Problem in Social Life_, popularly written and compiled from many
sources. This book, from a subjective and scarcely scientific standpoint,
claims that homosexual relationships are natural, necessary, and
legitimate.[123]

In England the first attempts to deal seriously, from the modern point of
view, with the problem of homosexuality came late, and were either
published privately or abroad. In 1883 John Addington Symonds privately
printed his discussion of _paiderastia_ in ancient Greece, under the title
of _A Problem in Greek Ethics_, and in 1889-1890 he further wrote, and in
1891 privately printed, _A Problem of Modern Ethics: Being an Enquiry into
the Phenomena of Sexual Inversion_. In 1886 Sir Richard Burton added to
his translation of the _Arabian Nights_ a Terminal Essay on the same
subject. In 1894 Edward Carpenter privately printed in Manchester a
pamphlet entitled _Homogenic Love_, in which he criticised various
psychiatric views of inversion at that time current, and claimed that the
laws of homosexual love are the same as those of heterosexual love,
urging, however, that the former possesses a special aptitude to be
exalted to a higher and more spiritual level of comradeship, so fulfilling
a beneficent social function. More recently (1907) Edward Carpenter
published a volume of papers on homosexuality and its problems, under the
title of _The Intermediate Sex_, and later (1914) a more special study of
the invert in early religion and in warfare, _Intermediate Types among
Primitive Folk_.

In 1896 the most comprehensive book so far written on the subject in
England was published in French by Mr. Andre Raffalovich (in Lacassagne's
_Bibliotheque de Criminologie_), _Uranisme et Unisexualite_. This book
dealt chiefly with congenital inversion, publishing no new cases, but
revealing a wide knowledge of the matter. Raffalovich put forward many
just and sagacious reflections on the nature and treatment of inversion,
and the attitude of society toward perverted sexuality. The historical
portions of the book, which are of special interest, deal largely with the
remarkable prevalence of inversion in England, neglected by previou