Academy in 1888, and took
his seat in February 1889, being received by Ernest Renan. The long list
of his works includes _Histoire de la revolution de 1870-1871_ (new ed.,
5 vols., 1875-1876); _Cinq ans apres; l'Alsace et la Lorraine depuis
l'annexion_ (1876); some annual volumes of reprints of his articles in
the weekly press, entitled _La Vie a Paris; La Vie moderne au theatre_
(1868-1869); _Moliere, sa vie et son oeuvre_ (1871); _Histoire de la
litterature francaise, 900-1900_ (2nd ed. 1905); _Candidat!_ (1887), a
novel of contemporary life; _Brichanteau, comedien francais_ (1896);
several plays, some of which are based on novels of his own--_Les
Muscadins_ (1874), _Le Regiment de Champagne_ (1877), _Les Mirabeau_
(1879), _Monsieur le ministre_ (1883), and others; and the opera, _La
Navarraise_, based on his novel _La Cigarette_, and written with Henri
Cain to the music of Massenet. _La Navarraise_ was first produced at
Covent Garden (June 1894) with Mme Calve in the part of Anita. His
_OEuvres completes_ were published in 1897-1904.

CLARI, GIOVANNI CARLO MARIA, Italian musical composer, chapel-master at
Pistoia, was born at Pisa about the year 1669. The time of his death is
unknown. He was the most celebrated pupil of Colonna, chapel-master of
S. Petronio, at Bologna. He became _maestro di cappella_ at Pistoia
about 1712, at Bologna in 1720, and at Pisa in 1736. He is supposed to
have died about 1745. The works by which Clari distinguished himself
pre-eminently are his vocal duets and trios, with a _basso continuo_,
published between 1740 and 1747. These compositions, which combine
graceful melody with contrapuntal learning, were much admired by
Cherubini. They appear to have been admired by Handel also, since he did
not hesitate to make appropriations from them. Clari composed one opera,
_Il Savio delirante_, produced at Bologna in 1695, and a large quantity
of church music, several specimens of which were printed in Novello's
_Fitzwilliam Music_.

CLARINA, a comparatively new instrument of the wood-wind class (although
actually made of metal), a hybrid possessing characteristics of both
oboe and clarinet. The clarina was invented by W. Heckel of
Biebrich-am-Rhein, and has been used since 1891 at the Festspielhaus,
Bayreuth, in _Tristan und Isolde_, as a substitute for the
_Holztrompete_ made according to Wagner's instructions. The clarina has
been found more practical and more effective in producing