the petals, while the pistil was composed of two and
sometimes three carpels distinct from the calyx and from each other. In
the flowers there did not appear to be any definite relation in the
position of the parts either with reference one to another or to the
axis.

[Illustration: FIG. 186.--Plum. Increased number of parts in the
calycine, corolline, and carpellary whorls respectively.]

In _Primulaceae_ this general augmentation has been frequently
noticed.[415]

Among _Orchideae_ the instance related by Dr. Seubert is worth alluding
to here. This botanist observed and figured a flower of _Orchis
palustris_ with tetramerous arrangement of parts, that is to say there
were four outer segments to the perianth, four petals, of which two
were lip-like, four stamens, three of which were rudimentary, and an
ovary with four parietal placentae.[416]

The following list will serve to show in what plants this general
augmentation of parts has been observed most frequently:

Ranunculus.
Clematis!
Delphinium.
Brassica!
Ruta.
Acer!
Prunus!
Rosa!
Rubus.
Philadelphus!
Chrysosplenium.
Umbelliferae, sp. pl.!
*Fuchsia!
OEnothera.
Adoxa.
Bryonia.
Cucumis!
Campanula!
Sambucus!
*Primula!
Anagallis!
Lycium.
Solanum.
Symphytum.
Syringa!
Linaria.
Chenopodium.
*Paris!
Convallaria!
Allium.
*Lilium!
*Tulipa!
Ornithogalum.
*Gagea!
Tradescantia!
Orchideae, sp. pl.!

=Increased number of ovules or seeds.=--This appears not to be of very
frequent occurrence, at least in those plants where the number of these
organs is normally small; where, as in _Primula_, the ovules and seeds
are produced in large quantities, it is not practicable to ascertain
whether the number be augmented or not in any particular case. Very
probably, the attachment or source of origin of the ovules determines,
in some measure, their number. Thus, in the case of marginal
placentation the number must be limited by the narrow space from which
they proceed, whereas in parietal and free central placentation the
ovules are generally numerous. In the latter case, however, it will be
remembered that solitary ovules are not rare. An increased number of
ovules is generally remarked in conjunction with some other change, such
as a foliaceous condition of the carpel, in which the margins are
disunited. In such cases the ovules may occupy the margin or ma