g. 196
represents an increased number of whorls of carpels in the variety
called "rex rubrorum," the segments of the perianth having been removed.

In the St. Valery apple, already referred to, there is a second whorl of
carpels above the first, a fact which has been made use of to explain
the similar structure of the pomegranate.

The tomato (_Lycopersicum esculentum_) is another plant in which an
adventitious series is frequently produced, and generally in combination
with the primary series.

In the Chinese primrose (_Primula sinensis_) a supernumerary whorl is
frequently met with, generally associated with other changes in the
construction and arrangement of the parts of the flower.

M. de Candolle[455] mentions a flower of _Gentiana purpurea_ with four
carpels in one series, and five others in the circle immediately above
them. Wigand[456] alludes to an instance wherein there was a second pair
of carpels above the first in _Vinca herbacea_. Dr. Sankey has forwarded
flowers of a _Pelargonium_ having a double series of carpels, eight in
the outer row, five in the inner, and this condition is stated to exist
in the flowers of the same plant for two years consecutively. In
_Aquilegia_ I have met with a similar increase in the whorls of
carpels.[457] Meissner records a similar augmentation in _Polygonum
orientale_.[458]

Wigand[459] describes and figures a flower of _Vinca minor_, in which
there were two carpels intervening between the ordinary pair, and a
similar illustration has been observed by the writer in _Allamanda
cathartica_. Eichler[460] has put on record a similar case in a
capparid.

Marchand[461] mentions a polycarpellary berberid (_Epimedium
Musschianum_). The supernumerary carpels in this flower were placed on a
short axis, which originated in the axils of the stamens, and as these
latter organs were present in their usual number and position, the
adventitious carpels could not be considered as resulting from a
transformation, or substitution of carpels for stamens.

Lastly, the instance cited by Dr. Allman[462] in _Saxifraga Geum_ may be
alluded to. Here there was a row of adventitious carpels between the
stamens and pistils, the backs of the carpels being turned towards the
axis of the flowers. Dr. Allman explains the presence of the
supernumerary parts by the supposed production of a whorl of secondary
axes between the stamens and the centre of the flower. These axes are
further supposed to be