ntrast with the frequency with which the converse change of an
inferior ovary to a superior one, from want of union with the calyx or
from imperfect development of the peduncle, may be observed. It is also
interesting as showing how the peduncle may become swollen, and at the
same time how the woody deposit of the endocarp may, as if by
compensation, be deficient. And, again, the malformation is not without
significance in regard to the relationship between the drupaceous and
the pomaceous subdivisions of _Rosaceae_. The case would fitly be
included under alterations of position, but the sheets relating to that
subject were printed off before the publication of M. Carriere's notice.

[494] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' 1860, vol. vii, p. 881.

[495] "Monstr. Veget.," in 'Neue Denkschrift.'

[496] "Sched. de Monst. Plant." in 'Act. Helvet.,' t. ii, pl. ii, f. 14.

[497] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' vol. viii, 1861, p. 144.

[498] 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' ser. 2, t. i, p. 308, pl. ix _c_, fig. 1.

[499] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' 1862, t. ix, p. 37.

[500] 'Consid. org. Fleur.,' Montpell., 1829, 25, 26, pl. ii, f. 18 and
19.

[501] 'Bull. Bot.,' t. i, p. 7, tab. 1.

[502] 'Linnaea,' vol. x, p. 604, tab. 5.

[503] 'Mem. Acad. Sc. Toulouse,' 5 ser., vol. iii.

[504] 'Re. nosol. Veget.,' pp. 342.

[505] 'Illustr. Hortic.,' 1868, Misc., p. 62.

[506] 'Ann. Soc. Linn.,' Paris, t. i, p. 139.

[507] 'Mem. Acad. Toulouse,' t. 6, 1862.

[508] 'D. C. Prod.,' ii, pp. 172, 187.

[509] Richard, "Obs. sur les bulbilles des Crinum;" 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' t.
ii, p. 12. pl. i, fig. 1, 2. See also A. Braun, "Memoire sur les graines
charnues des Amaryllidees," &c.; 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' 1860, vol. xiv, p. 1,
tab. 1.

CHAPTER II.

ELONGATION.

The class of cases coming under this head are sufficiently indicated by
the name. There are many instances of this phenomenon occurring under
different conditions, which, though unusual, can hardly be called
abnormal, such, for instance, as the great lengthening of roots in their
search for water, the excessive elongation that takes place in plants
when grown at a distance from the light, in their endeavour to attain to
which they become, as gardeners phrase it, "drawn." A similar result is
brought about in forests or plantations, where long spars are required,
by allowing the trees to grow very close to each other, so as to prevent
the lateral extension of the branches. When plants grow in runnin