eir margins, so that a spiral sheet or tube is
formed, surrounding the axis. This frequently occurs in double flowers
of the Chinese primrose, _Primula sinensis_.

Engelmann[517] figures a case wherein the calyx of _Anagallis
phoenicea_ was separated by a rather long internode from the corolla,
and a like illustration in _Torilis Anthriscus_.

[Illustration: FIG. 209.--Flower of _Delphinium_, showing apostasis of
carpels, from lengthening of the thalamus, &c. (Cramer.)]

A frequent change in Crucifers is due to the formation of a long stalk
bearing the pod, and thus giving rise to the appearance met as a
constant occurrence in Capparids.

In _Tropaeolum majus_ a similar elevation of the pistil may occasionally
be seen.

The adjacent figure of a monstrous _Delphinium_ taken from Cramer
illustrates well the elongation of the floral axis and the apostasis of
the carpels. In this instance the axis is terminated by a second flower
(median prolification).

One of the best-marked illustrations of these changes occurs in a
permanent malformation of _Epilobium hirsutum_, specimens of which were
originally obtained from the late Professor Henslow. The several floral
parts are here, some virescent, others truly foliaceous, and each whorl
is separated from its neighbour by a rather long internode. In _Fuchsia_
and _Campanula_ a like change may occasionally be observed.

Engelmann, in addition to those previously mentioned, cites the
following plants as having manifested this change:

_*Convallaria majalis!_, _*Tulipa Gesneriana!_, _Veronica Chamaedrys_,
_Orobanche gracilis_, _Solanum Lycopersicum_, _Gentiana campestris_,
_Hypericum_, _Helleborus fetidus_, _Caltha palustris_, _Brassica
oleracea!_ and many _Rosaceae_, _Caryophylleae_, _Cruciferae_, and
_Ranunculaceae_. (See Dialysis, Median Prolification, &c.)

Apostasis of the sub-floral or involucral leaves is not of infrequent
occurrence in malformations affecting _Compositae_ and _Umbelliferae_. In
the following genera it has been observed with especial
frequency:--_Torilis Anthriscus_, _Eryngium_, _Athamanta Cervaria_,
_Leontodon_, _Tragopogon pratense!_, _Wedelia perfoliata!_ In garden
anemones, also, it is a common deviation.

FOOTNOTES:

[510] 'Cat. Plant.,' Lang., p. 113.

[511] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' t. i, 1854, p. 173, and t. xiii, p. 96.

[512] 'Abhandl. Math. Phys. Class.,' Band. iv, Abhandl. i, tab. i.

[513] See Cramer, 'Bildungsabweich,' pp. 62-79,