'Journ. Linn. Soc.,' t. ii, p. 104. tab. 1, fig. B.

[443] Lindl., "Orchid. Ind.," 'Jour. Linn. Soc.,' iii, p. 9.

[444] 'Arch. Bot.,' ii, p. 300, tab. xvi, f. 11.

[445] 'Seemann's Journal of Botany,' v, p. 318, tab. lxxii, figs. A 4, 4
_a_.

[446] "Monstr. Veg.," in 'Neue Denkschrift,' p. 17, tab. vii.

[447] 'Flora,' t. viii, 1825, p. 736.

[448] 'Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat.,' ii, 1, p. 212, tab. iii.

[449] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' t. vii, 1860, p. 26.

[450] 'Beitr. Morphol. und Biol. Orchid.,' quoted by Cramer;
'Bildungsabweich,' p. 9.

[451] Masters, 'Journ. Linn. Soc.,' viii, p. 207. See also Rodigas,
'Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.,' iv, p. 266, for similar changes in _Cypripedium
Hookerae_.

[452] Kirschleger, 'Flora,' 1844, p. 131.

[453] 'Bildungsabweich,' p. 11, tab. xiv, f. 3.

[454] 'Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,' t. xix, part 2, p. 171.

[455] 'Organogr. Veget.,' t. i, p. 509, tab. 40, figs. 6, 7.

[456] 'Flora,' 1856, p. 715.

[457] 'Linn. Trans.,' t. xxiii, p. 364, tab. 34, fig. 5.

[458] 'Monog. Polygon,' pl. 3, K. f. 12.

[459] 'Flora,' 1856, tab. viii.

[460] Ibid., 1865, tab. ix, f. 6.

[461] 'Adansonia,' vol. iv, 1864, p. 127.

[462] 'Ann. Nat. Hist.,' 1845, vol. xvi, p. 126.

[463] See Schlechtendal, 'Bot. Zeit.,' t. xviii, p. 381 (_Triticum_);
also 'Flora,' t. xiv, 1831, p. 5 (_Avena_).

PART II.

DIMINISHED NUMBER OF ORGANS.

A diminution in the number of parts is generally due to suppression,
using that word as the equivalent of non-development. It corresponds
thus in meaning with the _Fehlschlagen_ of the Germans, the _avortement
complete_ of Moquin and other French writers. It differs from atrophy,
or partial abortion, inasmuch as the latter terms apply to instances
wherein there has been a partial development, and in which evolution has
gone on to a certain extent, but has, from some cause or other, been
checked. These cases will be found under the head of diminished size of
organs. As the word abortion is used by different authors in different
ways, it is the more necessary to be as precise as possible in the
application of the term. In the present work abortion is used to apply
to cases wherein parts have been formed, but wherein growth has been
arrested at a certain stage, and which, therefore, have either remained
_in statu quo_, while the surrounding parts have increased, or have,
from pressure or other causes, actually diminished in size.

In practice, however, it is