r carnation. The appearance is due to
the multiplication of the bracts and the suppression of the other parts
of the flower.]

It has been noticed also in the common pea, _Pisum sativum_, and M.
Lortet[427] records a case of the kind in _Erica multiflora_, the
flowers of which, under ordinary circumstances, are arranged in
clusters, but in this case the pedicels were more closely crowded than
usual, and were covered for their whole length with small rose-coloured
bracts arranged in irregular whorls, the upper ones sometimes enclosing
imperfect flowers. In the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' 1865, p. 769, is
figured a corresponding instance of _Delphinium Consolida_, in which the
bracts were greatly increased in number, petaloid, and, at the same
time, the central organs of the flower were wholly wanting.

[Illustration: FIG. 188.--_Delphinium Consolida_. Multiplication of
bracts at the expense of the other parts of the flower.]

[Illustration: FIG. 189.--Multiplication of bracts, &c., _Pelargonium_.]

In flowers of _Pelargonium_ may occasionally be seen a repetition of the
whorls of bracts, in conjunction with suppression and diminished size of
some of the other portions of the flower (fig. 189).

The common foxglove (_Digitalis purpurea_) has likewise occasionally
been observed subject to a similar malformation.

_Cornus mas_ and _C. suecica_ sometimes show a triple involucre.[428]
Irmish[429] records an analogous case in _Anemone Hepatica_, wherein the
involucre was doubled. Similar augmentation occurs in cultivated
Anemone. In addition to the plants already mentioned, Engelmann[430]
mentions as having produced bracts in unwonted numbers, _Lythrum
Salicaria_, _Plantago major_, _Veronica spicata_, _Echium vulgare_,
_Melilotus arvensis_, and _Rubus fruticosus_.

It must here be remarked that this great number of the bracts occurs
naturally in such plants as _Godoya_, in which the bracts, or, as some
consider them, the segments of the calyx, are very numerous, and
arranged in several overlapping segments.

In some of the cultivated double varieties of _Nigella_ the finely
divided involucral bracts are repeated over and over again, but on a
diminished scale, to the exclusion of all the other parts of the flower.

=Pleiotaxy or repetition of the calyx.=--The true calyx is very seldom
affected in this manner, unless such organs as the epicalyx of mallows,
_Potentilla_, &c., be considered as really parts of the calyx.

In