ement be correct, it would
give only 40 common or geographical _li_ for the circuit of the Mongol
town." (_Bretschneider_, _Peking_, 13.) Dr. Bretschneider writes (p. 20):
"The outlines of Khanbaligh, partly in contradiction with the ancient
Chinese records, if my view be correct, would have measured about 50
common _li_ in circuit (13 _li_ and more from north to south, 11.64 from
east to west.")--H. C.]

Polo [and Odoric] again says that there were 12 gates--3 to every side.
Both Gaubil and Martini also say that there were 12 gates. But I believe
that both are trusting to Marco. There are 9 gates in the present Tartar
city--viz. 3 on the south side and 2 on each of the other sides. The old
Chinese accounts say there were 11 gates in Taidu. (See _Amyot_, _Mem._
II. 553.) I have in my plan, therefore, assumed that one gate on the east
and one on the west were obliterated in the reduction of the _enceinte_ by
the Ming. But I must observe that Mr. Lockhart tells me he did not find
the traces of gates in those positions, whilst the 2 gates on the _north_
side of the old Mongol rampart are quite distinct, with the barbicans in
front, and the old Mongol bridge over the ditch still serving for the
public thoroughfare.[1]

["The _Yuen shi_ as well as the _Ch'ue keng lu_, and other works of the
Yuen, agree in stating that the capital had eleven gates. They are
enumerated in the following order: Southern wall--(1) The gate direct
south (mid.) was called _Li-cheng men_; (2) the gate to the left (east),
_Wen-ming men_; (3) the gate to the right (west), _Shun-ch'eng men_.
Eastern wall--(4) The gate direct east (mid.), _Ch'ung-jen men_; (5) the
gate to the south-east, _Ts'i-hua men_; (6) the gate to the north-east,
_Kuang-hi men_. Western wall--(7) The gate direct west (mid.), _Ho-i men_;
(8) the gate to the south-west, _P'ing-tse men_; (9) the gate to the
north-west, _Su-ts'ing men_. Northern Wall--(10) The gate to the
north-west, _K'ien-te men_; (11) the gate to the north-east, _An-chen
men_." (_Bretschneider_, _Peking_, 13-14.)--H. C.]

When the Ming established themselves on the old Mongol site, population
seems to have gathered close about the southern wall, probably using
material from the remains of Yenking. This excrescence was inclosed by a
new wall in 1554, and was called the "Outer Town." It is what is called by
Europeans the _Chinese City_. Its western wall exhibits in the base
sculptured stones, which seem to have belo